Rollup of 14 pull requests

src/doc/reference.md

@@ -973,8 +973,7 @@ Use declarations support a number of convenient shortcuts:
 
 An example of `use` declarations:
 
-```
-# #![feature(core)]
+```rust
 use std::option::Option::{Some, None};
 use std::collections::hash_map::{self, HashMap};
 
@@ -1031,16 +1030,17 @@ declarations.
 An example of what will and will not work for `use` items:
 
 ```
-# #![feature(core)]
 # #![allow(unused_imports)]
-use foo::core::iter;  // good: foo is at the root of the crate
 use foo::baz::foobaz;    // good: foo is at the root of the crate
 
 mod foo {
-    extern crate core;
 
-    use foo::core::iter; // good: foo is at crate root
-//  use core::iter;      // bad:  core is not at the crate root
+    mod example {
+        pub mod iter {}
+    }
+
+    use foo::example::iter; // good: foo is at crate root
+//  use example::iter;      // bad:  core is not at the crate root
     use self::baz::foobaz;  // good: self refers to module 'foo'
     use foo::bar::foobar;   // good: foo is at crate root
 
@@ -1368,17 +1368,14 @@ a = Animal::Cat;
 
 Enumeration constructors can have either named or unnamed fields:
 
-```
-# #![feature(struct_variant)]
-# fn main() {
+```rust
 enum Animal {
     Dog (String, f64),
     Cat { name: String, weight: f64 }
 }
 
 let mut a: Animal = Animal::Dog("Cocoa".to_string(), 37.2);
 a = Animal::Cat { name: "Spotty".to_string(), weight: 2.7 };
-# }
 ```
 
 In this example, `Cat` is a _struct-like enum variant_,
@@ -1718,17 +1715,6 @@ Functions within external blocks are declared in the same way as other Rust
 functions, with the exception that they may not have a body and are instead
 terminated by a semicolon.
 
-```
-# #![feature(libc)]
-extern crate libc;
-use libc::{c_char, FILE};
-
-extern {
-    fn fopen(filename: *const c_char, mode: *const c_char) -> *mut FILE;
-}
-# fn main() {}
-```
-
 Functions within external blocks may be called by Rust code, just like
 functions defined in Rust. The Rust compiler automatically translates between
 the Rust ABI and the foreign ABI.
@@ -1739,7 +1725,7 @@ By default external blocks assume that the library they are calling uses the
 standard C "cdecl" ABI. Other ABIs may be specified using an `abi` string, as
 shown here:
 
-```{.ignore}
+```ignore
 // Interface to the Windows API
 extern "stdcall" { }
 ```
@@ -3231,55 +3217,7 @@ expression.
 
 In a pattern whose head expression has an `enum` type, a placeholder (`_`)
 stands for a *single* data field, whereas a wildcard `..` stands for *all* the
-fields of a particular variant. For example:
-
-```
-#![feature(box_patterns)]
-#![feature(box_syntax)]
-enum List<X> { Nil, Cons(X, Box<List<X>>) }
-
-fn main() {
-    let x: List<i32> = List::Cons(10, box List::Cons(11, box List::Nil));
-
-    match x {
-        List::Cons(_, box List::Nil) => panic!("singleton list"),
-        List::Cons(..)               => return,
-        List::Nil                    => panic!("empty list")
-    }
-}
-```
-
-The first pattern matches lists constructed by applying `Cons` to any head
-value, and a tail value of `box Nil`. The second pattern matches _any_ list
-constructed with `Cons`, ignoring the values of its arguments. The difference
-between `_` and `..` is that the pattern `C(_)` is only type-correct if `C` has
-exactly one argument, while the pattern `C(..)` is type-correct for any enum
-variant `C`, regardless of how many arguments `C` has.
-
-Used inside an array pattern, `..` stands for any number of elements, when the
-`advanced_slice_patterns` feature gate is turned on. This wildcard can be used
-at most once for a given array, which implies that it cannot be used to
-specifically match elements that are at an unknown distance from both ends of a
-array, like `[.., 42, ..]`. If preceded by a variable name, it will bind the
-corresponding slice to the variable. Example:
-
-```
-# #![feature(advanced_slice_patterns, slice_patterns)]
-fn is_symmetric(list: &[u32]) -> bool {
-    match list {
-        [] | [_]                   => true,
-        [x, inside.., y] if x == y => is_symmetric(inside),
-        _                          => false
-    }
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let sym     = &[0, 1, 4, 2, 4, 1, 0];
-    let not_sym = &[0, 1, 7, 2, 4, 1, 0];
-    assert!(is_symmetric(sym));
-    assert!(!is_symmetric(not_sym));
-}
-```
+fields of a particular variant.
 
 A `match` behaves differently depending on whether or not the head expression
 is an [lvalue or an rvalue](#lvalues,-rvalues-and-temporaries). If the head
@@ -3298,30 +3236,15 @@ the inside of the match.
 An example of a `match` expression:
 
 ```
-#![feature(box_patterns)]
-#![feature(box_syntax)]
-# fn process_pair(a: i32, b: i32) { }
-# fn process_ten() { }
-
-enum List<X> { Nil, Cons(X, Box<List<X>>) }
-
-fn main() {
-    let x: List<i32> = List::Cons(10, box List::Cons(11, box List::Nil));
+let x = 1;
 
-    match x {
-        List::Cons(a, box List::Cons(b, _)) => {
-            process_pair(a, b);
-        }
-        List::Cons(10, _) => {
-            process_ten();
-        }
-        List::Nil => {
-            return;
-        }
-        _ => {
-            panic!();
-        }
-    }
+match x {
+    1 => println!("one"),
+    2 => println!("two"),
+    3 => println!("three"),
+    4 => println!("four"),
+    5 => println!("five"),
+    _ => println!("something else"),
 }
 ```
 
@@ -3334,28 +3257,12 @@ Subpatterns can also be bound to variables by the use of the syntax `variable @
 subpattern`. For example:
 
 ```
-#![feature(box_patterns)]
-#![feature(box_syntax)]
-
-enum List { Nil, Cons(u32, Box<List>) }
+let x = 1;
 
-fn is_sorted(list: &List) -> bool {
-    match *list {
-        List::Nil | List::Cons(_, box List::Nil) => true,
-        List::Cons(x, ref r @ box List::Cons(_, _)) => {
-            match *r {
-                box List::Cons(y, _) => (x <= y) && is_sorted(&**r),
-                _ => panic!()
-            }
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-fn main() {
-    let a = List::Cons(6, box List::Cons(7, box List::Cons(42, box List::Nil)));
-    assert!(is_sorted(&a));
+match x {
+    e @ 1 ... 5 => println!("got a range element {}", e),
+    _ => println!("anything"),
 }
-
 ```
 
 Patterns can also dereference pointers by using the `&`, `&mut` and `box`

src/doc/trpl/README.md

@@ -165,7 +165,7 @@ fn main() {
 
 Rust has [move semantics][move] by default, so if we want to make a copy of some
 data, we call the `clone()` method. In this example, `y` is no longer a reference
-to the vector stored in `x`, but a copy of its first element, `"hello"`. Now
+to the vector stored in `x`, but a copy of its first element, `"Hello"`. Now
 that we don’t have a reference, our `push()` works just fine.
 
 [move]: move-semantics.html

src/doc/trpl/SUMMARY.md

@@ -14,7 +14,6 @@
     * [Concurrency](concurrency.md)
     * [Error Handling](error-handling.md)
     * [FFI](ffi.md)
-    * [Deref coercions](deref-coercions.md)
 * [Syntax and Semantics](syntax-and-semantics.md)
     * [Variable Bindings](variable-bindings.md)
     * [Functions](functions.md)
@@ -30,15 +29,15 @@
     * [Move semantics](move-semantics.md)
     * [Enums](enums.md)
     * [Match](match.md)
-    * [Patterns](patterns.md)
     * [Structs](structs.md)
+    * [Patterns](patterns.md)
     * [Method Syntax](method-syntax.md)
-    * [Drop](drop.md)
     * [Vectors](vectors.md)
     * [Strings](strings.md)
+    * [Generics](generics.md)
     * [Traits](traits.md)
     * [Operators and Overloading](operators-and-overloading.md)
-    * [Generics](generics.md)
+    * [Drop](drop.md)
     * [if let](if-let.md)
     * [Trait Objects](trait-objects.md)
     * [Closures](closures.md)
@@ -53,8 +52,9 @@
     * [Casting between types](casting-between-types.md)
     * [Associated Types](associated-types.md)
     * [Unsized Types](unsized-types.md)
+    * [Deref coercions](deref-coercions.md)
     * [Macros](macros.md)
-    * [`unsafe` Code](unsafe-code.md)
+    * [Raw Pointers](raw-pointers.md)
 * [Nightly Rust](nightly-rust.md)
     * [Compiler Plugins](compiler-plugins.md)
     * [Inline Assembly](inline-assembly.md)

src/doc/trpl/casting-between-types.md

@@ -1,3 +1,89 @@
 % Casting Between Types
 
-Coming Soon
+Rust, with its focus on safety, provides two different ways of casting
+different types between each other. The first, `as`, is for safe casts.
+In contrast, `transmute` allows for arbitrary casting, and is one of the
+most dangerous features of Rust!
+
+# `as`
+
+The `as` keyword does basic casting:
+
+```rust
+let x: i32 = 5;
+
+let y = x as i64;
+```
+
+It only allows certain kinds of casting, however:
+
+```rust,ignore
+let a = [0u8, 0u8, 0u8, 0u8];
+
+let b = a as u32; // four eights makes 32
+```
+
+This errors with:
+
+```text
+error: non-scalar cast: `[u8; 4]` as `u32`
+let b = a as u32; // four eights makes 32
+        ^~~~~~~~
+```
+
+It’s a ‘non-scalar cast’ because we have multiple values here: the four
+elements of the array. These kinds of casts are very dangerous, because they
+make assumptions about the way that multiple underlying strucutres are
+implemented. For this, we need something more dangerous.
+
+# `transmute`
+
+The `transmute` function is provided by a [compiler intrinsic][intrinsics], and
+what it does is very simple, but very scary. It tells Rust to treat a value of
+one type as though it were another type. It does this regardless of the
+typechecking system, and just completely trusts you.
+
+[intrinsic]: intrinsics.html
+
+In our previous example, we know that an array of four `u8`s represents a `u32`
+properly, and so we want to do the cast. Using `transmute` instead of `as`,
+Rust lets us:
+
+```rust
+use std::mem;
+
+unsafe {
+    let a = [0u8, 0u8, 0u8, 0u8];
+
+    let b = mem::transmute::<[u8; 4], u32>(a);
+}
+```
+
+We have to wrap the operation in an `unsafe` block, but this will compile
+successfully. Technically, only the `mem::transmute` call itself needs to be in
+the block, but it's nice in this case to enclose everything related, so you
+know where to look. In this case, the details about `a` are also important, and
+so they're in the block. You'll see code in either style, sometimes the context
+is too far away, and wrapping all of the code in `unsafe` isn't a great idea.
+
+While `transmute` does very little checking, it will at least make sure that
+the types are the same size. This errors:
+
+```rust,ignore
+use std::mem;
+
+unsafe {
+    let a = [0u8, 0u8, 0u8, 0u8];
+
+    let b = mem::transmute::<[u8; 4], u64>(a);
+}
+```
+
+with:
+
+```text
+error: transmute called on types with different sizes: [u8; 4] (32 bits) to u64
+(64 bits)
+```
+
+Other than that, you're on your own!