Improve exception handling inside `libsyclinterface`

[diptorupd]

Please, do catch(...) finally. Any uncatched exception will break C API interface.

Originally posted by @PokhodenkoSA in #349 (comment)

Related to #35

[diptorupd]

I prefer to treat any uncaught exception as a bug and fix it rather than use the catch(...) functionality. Doing so will allow us to provide more useful error messages.