diff --git a/SUMMARY.md b/SUMMARY.md index 7fe3508..ad2e39e 100644 --- a/SUMMARY.md +++ b/SUMMARY.md @@ -66,5 +66,8 @@ - [fork 实现思路](chapter13/part2.md) - [复制线程上下文](chapter13/part3.md) - [复制页表](chapter13/part4.md) + - [exec 介绍](chapter13/par5.md) + - [exec 实现思路](chapter13/part6.md) + - [跳转到指定用户太环境](chapter13/part7.md) - [附录] - [内链汇编](appendix/inline-asm.md) diff --git a/chapter13/introduction.md b/chapter13/introduction.md index 0f82b23..589828f 100644 --- a/chapter13/introduction.md +++ b/chapter13/introduction.md @@ -13,4 +13,5 @@ - fork 的功能 - 如何描述一个正在运行的线程 - 如何完全复制一个正在运行的线程 -- TODO:写 execute +- exec 的功能 +- 如何在内核态返回时返回到指定的运行环境 diff --git a/chapter13/part5.md b/chapter13/part5.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..045096f --- /dev/null +++ b/chapter13/part5.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +## exec 介绍 + +sys_exec 会中止当前进程并跳转到开始执行另一个制定的程序。 + +我们先来看看 sys_exec 的接口, 在 linux C 中最主要的接口是 + +```c +int execve (const char* path,char* const argv[], char* const envp[]); +``` + +其中 `path` 表示启动程序所在的路径名,`argv` 表示启动程序所带的参数, `envp` 表示启动程序所需要的环境变量参数。成功时返回0,失败时返回非零值。这里我们先实现简化的版本: + +```c +fn sys_exec(path: *const u8) +``` + +也就是仅仅考虑执行路径,同时简化了失败时的返回值,失败一律返回-1。 + +来看一个简单的例子: + +```rust +// rust/exec.rs +pub fn main() -> usize { + println!("this is exec_test ^o^"); + sys_exec("/rust/hello_world\0".as_ptr() as *const u8); + println!("should not arrive here. exec error."); + 0 +} +``` + +输出应该是这个样子,一旦执行sys_exec,原来程序的一切都被抛弃了。 + +```bash +this is exec_test ^o^ +Hello world! from user mode program! +Hello world! from user mode program! +Hello world! from user mode program! +Hello world! from user mode program! +Hello world! from user mode program! +Hello world! from user mode program! +Hello world! from user mode program! +Hello world! from user mode program! +Hello world! from user mode program! +Hello world! from user mode program! +thread 1 exited, exit code = 0 +``` \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/chapter13/part6.md b/chapter13/part6.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..876ba7f --- /dev/null +++ b/chapter13/part6.md @@ -0,0 +1,98 @@ +## exec 的实现 + +在 `sys_exec` 的语义中,我们需要完成的过程包括: +* 1.回收当前进程(Thread)的所有资源 +* 2.为新进程申请足够的资源、读取解析镜像 +* 3.跳转到新进程开始执行 + +原进程的资源在进程控制块中: + +```rust +pub struct Thread { + pub context: Context, + pub kstack: KernelStack, + pub wait: Option, + pub vm: Option>>, +} +``` + +我们不析构这一结构体,而是替换其中内容。其中 `context` 用来是的其他进程跳转到该进程,新进程会在被替换出去的时候设置,我们不需要改变(留好位置就行),在我们的实现中 `wait` 的含义是结束后需要唤醒的进程,我们可以直接继承(或者说为了简便实现,我们没有提供改变的接口),`kstack` 仅仅在执行内核代码时使用,进入用户态后一定是空的,仅仅起提供空间的作用,可以直接继承。所以我们只需要改变 `vm`。 + +因此干如下几件事情: +* 1.为新进程申请足够的资源、读取解析镜像,构造新 `vm` +* 2.替换 `vm`,并激活新页表供用户态使用 +* 3.跳转到新进程开始执行 + +来看代码实现: + +```rust +// 输入参数包含了执行程序的位置以及中断帧,其中中断帧用来改变syscall返回时返回的地址 +fn sys_exec(path: *const u8, tf: &mut TrapFrame) -> isize { + let exec_path = unsafe { from_cstr(path) }; + let find_result = ROOT_INODE.lookup(exec_path); + match find_result { + Ok(inode) => { + let data = inode.read_as_vec().unwrap(); + // 该函数完成elf的解析和vm的构造(仅仅重新封装了 Thread::new_user 的部分实现), entry_addr 是新程序的入口地址,ustack_top是用户栈栈顶 + let (mut vm, entry_addr, ustack_top) = unsafe { Thread::new_user_vm(data.as_slice()) }; + // 读取当前进程的进程控制块 + let proc = process::current_thread(); + // 设置新vm + core::mem::swap(&mut *proc.vm.as_ref().unwrap().lock(), &mut vm); + // 切换satp(页表) + unsafe { + proc.vm.as_ref().unwrap().lock().activate(); + } + // 仅仅是为了尽早释放锁 + drop(proc); + // 构造新的tf来改变syscall返回后返回的程序 + *tf = TrapFrame::new_user_thread(entry_addr, ustack_top); + 0 + } + Err(_) => { + println!("exec error! cannot find the program {}", exec_path); + -1 + } + } +} +``` + +结合一些接口上的简单修改(`syscall`->`sys_exit`的内容,不赘述),我们就完成了sys_exec的实现,是不是特别简单呢?我们还没有解决的问题是如何使得 `syscall` 返回的时候返回到新的进程开始执行(`TrapFrame::new_user_thread`)。这将在下一部分细说。 + +我们替换了原本的sys_exec(实际是一个spawn),是的它不再可被用户太访问了,除非提供一个新的系统调用。 + +完成了 sys_fork 和 sys_exec 我们可以对应改写 user_shell 的内容: + +```rust +#[no_mangle] +pub fn main() { + println!("Rust user shell"); + let mut line: String = String::new(); + print!(">> "); + loop { + let c = getc(); + match c { + LF | CR => { + println!(""); + if !line.is_empty() { + println!("searching for program {}", line); + // 使用fork和exec完成原本的spawn的功能 + if sys_fork() == 0 { + line.push('\0'); + sys_exec(line.as_ptr()); + sys_exit(0); + } + line.clear(); + } + print!(">> "); + } + _ => { + print!("{}", c as char); + line.push(c as char); + } + } + } +} +``` + +user_shell同时也完成了exec的简单测试。 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/chapter13/part7.md b/chapter13/part7.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..876230d --- /dev/null +++ b/chapter13/part7.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +## 如何从内核态定向返回 + +想想在课堂上学到的内容,如果在用户态度我们想要改变返回地址,我们可以修改 `x1(ra)` 寄存器,从内核态返回用户态是一个十分类似的过程,只不过用来描述返回目的地的内容变成了中断帧(`trapframe`)。 + +```rust +pub struct TrapFrame { + pub x: [usize; 32], // General registers + pub sstatus: Sstatus, // Supervisor Status Register + pub sepc: usize, // Supervisor exception program counter + pub stval: usize, // Supervisor trap value + pub scause: Scause, // Scause register: record the cause of exception/interrupt/trap +} +``` + +只需要通过修改中断帧我们就可以完全控制从内核态返回后的执行环境。想想新的中断帧应该如何构造呢?新进程没有通用寄存器的信息,我们可以直接初始化为0, `stval`、`scause` 寄存器同理。特殊的通用寄存器 `x2(sp)` 需要我们特殊设置(程序初始化的必要条件,其他的程序会自己搞定),`sstatus`寄存器对程序状态的控制很重要,需要小心设置。 + +- `context.rs` + +```rust +impl TrapFrame { + pub fn new_user_thread(entry_addr: usize, sp: usize) -> Self { + use core::mem::zeroed; + let mut tf: Self = unsafe { zeroed() }; + tf.x[2] = sp; + tf.sepc = entry_addr; + tf.sstatus = sstatus::read(); + tf.sstatus.set_spie(true); // 使得进入用户态后开启中断 + tf.sstatus.set_sie(false); + tf.sstatus.set_spp(sstatus::SPP::User); // 令sret返回U态 + tf + } +} +``` \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/chapter0/introduction.html b/docs/chapter0/introduction.html index dd57155..6935f42 100644 --- a/docs/chapter0/introduction.html +++ b/docs/chapter0/introduction.html @@ -1024,6 +1024,45 @@ + + +
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  • -
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  • + + + + + exec 介绍 + + + + + +
  • + +
  • + + + + + exec 实现思路 + + + + + +
  • + +
  • + + + + + 跳转到指定用户太环境 + + + + +
  • @@ -1205,7 +1244,7 @@

    No results matching " var gitbook = gitbook || []; gitbook.push(function() { - gitbook.page.hasChanged({"page":{"title":"复制线程上下文","level":"1.13.3","depth":2,"next":{"title":"复制页表","level":"1.13.4","depth":2,"path":"chapter13/part4.md","ref":"chapter13/part4.md","articles":[]},"previous":{"title":"fork 实现思路","level":"1.13.2","depth":2,"path":"chapter13/part2.md","ref":"chapter13/part2.md","articles":[]},"dir":"ltr"},"config":{"gitbook":"*","theme":"default","variables":{},"plugins":["hide-element","chapter-fold","katex","alerts","emphasize","-highlight","prism","localized-footer","mermaid-gb3"],"pluginsConfig":{"chapter-fold":{},"prism":{"css":["prismjs/themes/prism-tomorrow.css"]},"emphasize":{},"search":{},"localized-footer":{"filename":"extensions/comment/gitalk.html","hline":"true"},"lunr":{"maxIndexSize":1000000,"ignoreSpecialCharacters":false},"hide-element":{"elements":[".gitbook-link"]},"katex":{},"fontsettings":{"theme":"white","family":"sans","size":2},"mermaid-gb3":{},"alerts":{},"sharing":{"facebook":true,"twitter":true,"google":false,"weibo":false,"instapaper":false,"vk":false,"all":["facebook","google","twitter","weibo","instapaper"]},"theme-default":{"styles":{"website":"styles/website.css","pdf":"styles/pdf.css","epub":"styles/epub.css","mobi":"styles/mobi.css","ebook":"styles/ebook.css","print":"styles/print.css"},"showLevel":false}},"structure":{"langs":"LANGS.md","readme":"README.md","glossary":"GLOSSARY.md","summary":"SUMMARY.md"},"pdf":{"pageNumbers":true,"fontSize":12,"fontFamily":"Arial","paperSize":"a4","chapterMark":"pagebreak","pageBreaksBefore":"/","margin":{"right":62,"left":62,"top":56,"bottom":56}},"styles":{"website":"styles/website.css","pdf":"styles/pdf.css","epub":"styles/epub.css","mobi":"styles/mobi.css","ebook":"styles/ebook.css","print":"styles/print.css"}},"file":{"path":"chapter13/part3.md","mtime":"2020-02-14T13:04:34.093Z","type":"markdown"},"gitbook":{"version":"3.2.3","time":"2020-02-14T13:23:24.037Z"},"basePath":"..","book":{"language":""}}); + gitbook.page.hasChanged({"page":{"title":"复制线程上下文","level":"1.13.3","depth":2,"next":{"title":"复制页表","level":"1.13.4","depth":2,"path":"chapter13/part4.md","ref":"chapter13/part4.md","articles":[]},"previous":{"title":"fork 实现思路","level":"1.13.2","depth":2,"path":"chapter13/part2.md","ref":"chapter13/part2.md","articles":[]},"dir":"ltr"},"config":{"gitbook":"*","theme":"default","variables":{},"plugins":["hide-element","chapter-fold","katex","alerts","emphasize","-highlight","prism","localized-footer","mermaid-gb3"],"pluginsConfig":{"chapter-fold":{},"prism":{"css":["prismjs/themes/prism-tomorrow.css"]},"emphasize":{},"search":{},"localized-footer":{"filename":"extensions/comment/gitalk.html","hline":"true"},"lunr":{"maxIndexSize":1000000,"ignoreSpecialCharacters":false},"hide-element":{"elements":[".gitbook-link"]},"katex":{},"fontsettings":{"theme":"white","family":"sans","size":2},"mermaid-gb3":{},"alerts":{},"sharing":{"facebook":true,"twitter":true,"google":false,"weibo":false,"instapaper":false,"vk":false,"all":["facebook","google","twitter","weibo","instapaper"]},"theme-default":{"styles":{"website":"styles/website.css","pdf":"styles/pdf.css","epub":"styles/epub.css","mobi":"styles/mobi.css","ebook":"styles/ebook.css","print":"styles/print.css"},"showLevel":false}},"structure":{"langs":"LANGS.md","readme":"README.md","glossary":"GLOSSARY.md","summary":"SUMMARY.md"},"pdf":{"pageNumbers":true,"fontSize":12,"fontFamily":"Arial","paperSize":"a4","chapterMark":"pagebreak","pageBreaksBefore":"/","margin":{"right":62,"left":62,"top":56,"bottom":56}},"styles":{"website":"styles/website.css","pdf":"styles/pdf.css","epub":"styles/epub.css","mobi":"styles/mobi.css","ebook":"styles/ebook.css","print":"styles/print.css"}},"file":{"path":"chapter13/part3.md","mtime":"2020-02-14T14:15:30.934Z","type":"markdown"},"gitbook":{"version":"3.2.3","time":"2020-02-14T17:06:46.480Z"},"basePath":"..","book":{"language":""}}); }); diff --git a/docs/chapter13/part4.html b/docs/chapter13/part4.html index c145fcb..65febe6 100644 --- a/docs/chapter13/part4.html +++ b/docs/chapter13/part4.html @@ -81,6 +81,8 @@ + + @@ -1022,6 +1024,45 @@ + + +
  • + + + + + exec 介绍 + + + + + +
  • + +
  • + + + + + exec 实现思路 + + + + + +
  • + +
  • + + + + + 跳转到指定用户太环境 + + + + +
  • @@ -1275,11 +1316,15 @@

    No results matching " + + + + + @@ -1287,7 +1332,7 @@

    No results matching " var gitbook = gitbook || []; gitbook.push(function() { - gitbook.page.hasChanged({"page":{"title":"复制页表","level":"1.13.4","depth":2,"next":{"title":"[附录]","level":"1.14","depth":1,"ref":"","articles":[{"title":"内链汇编","level":"1.14.1","depth":2,"path":"appendix/inline-asm.md","ref":"appendix/inline-asm.md","articles":[]}]},"previous":{"title":"复制线程上下文","level":"1.13.3","depth":2,"path":"chapter13/part3.md","ref":"chapter13/part3.md","articles":[]},"dir":"ltr"},"config":{"gitbook":"*","theme":"default","variables":{},"plugins":["hide-element","chapter-fold","katex","alerts","emphasize","-highlight","prism","localized-footer","mermaid-gb3"],"pluginsConfig":{"chapter-fold":{},"prism":{"css":["prismjs/themes/prism-tomorrow.css"]},"emphasize":{},"search":{},"localized-footer":{"filename":"extensions/comment/gitalk.html","hline":"true"},"lunr":{"maxIndexSize":1000000,"ignoreSpecialCharacters":false},"hide-element":{"elements":[".gitbook-link"]},"katex":{},"fontsettings":{"theme":"white","family":"sans","size":2},"mermaid-gb3":{},"alerts":{},"sharing":{"facebook":true,"twitter":true,"google":false,"weibo":false,"instapaper":false,"vk":false,"all":["facebook","google","twitter","weibo","instapaper"]},"theme-default":{"styles":{"website":"styles/website.css","pdf":"styles/pdf.css","epub":"styles/epub.css","mobi":"styles/mobi.css","ebook":"styles/ebook.css","print":"styles/print.css"},"showLevel":false}},"structure":{"langs":"LANGS.md","readme":"README.md","glossary":"GLOSSARY.md","summary":"SUMMARY.md"},"pdf":{"pageNumbers":true,"fontSize":12,"fontFamily":"Arial","paperSize":"a4","chapterMark":"pagebreak","pageBreaksBefore":"/","margin":{"right":62,"left":62,"top":56,"bottom":56}},"styles":{"website":"styles/website.css","pdf":"styles/pdf.css","epub":"styles/epub.css","mobi":"styles/mobi.css","ebook":"styles/ebook.css","print":"styles/print.css"}},"file":{"path":"chapter13/part4.md","mtime":"2020-02-14T13:05:17.821Z","type":"markdown"},"gitbook":{"version":"3.2.3","time":"2020-02-14T13:23:24.037Z"},"basePath":"..","book":{"language":""}}); + gitbook.page.hasChanged({"page":{"title":"复制页表","level":"1.13.4","depth":2,"next":{"title":"exec 介绍","level":"1.13.5","depth":2,"path":"chapter13/par5.md","ref":"chapter13/par5.md","articles":[]},"previous":{"title":"复制线程上下文","level":"1.13.3","depth":2,"path":"chapter13/part3.md","ref":"chapter13/part3.md","articles":[]},"dir":"ltr"},"config":{"gitbook":"*","theme":"default","variables":{},"plugins":["hide-element","chapter-fold","katex","alerts","emphasize","-highlight","prism","localized-footer","mermaid-gb3"],"pluginsConfig":{"chapter-fold":{},"prism":{"css":["prismjs/themes/prism-tomorrow.css"]},"emphasize":{},"search":{},"localized-footer":{"filename":"extensions/comment/gitalk.html","hline":"true"},"lunr":{"maxIndexSize":1000000,"ignoreSpecialCharacters":false},"hide-element":{"elements":[".gitbook-link"]},"katex":{},"fontsettings":{"theme":"white","family":"sans","size":2},"mermaid-gb3":{},"alerts":{},"sharing":{"facebook":true,"twitter":true,"google":false,"weibo":false,"instapaper":false,"vk":false,"all":["facebook","google","twitter","weibo","instapaper"]},"theme-default":{"styles":{"website":"styles/website.css","pdf":"styles/pdf.css","epub":"styles/epub.css","mobi":"styles/mobi.css","ebook":"styles/ebook.css","print":"styles/print.css"},"showLevel":false}},"structure":{"langs":"LANGS.md","readme":"README.md","glossary":"GLOSSARY.md","summary":"SUMMARY.md"},"pdf":{"pageNumbers":true,"fontSize":12,"fontFamily":"Arial","paperSize":"a4","chapterMark":"pagebreak","pageBreaksBefore":"/","margin":{"right":62,"left":62,"top":56,"bottom":56}},"styles":{"website":"styles/website.css","pdf":"styles/pdf.css","epub":"styles/epub.css","mobi":"styles/mobi.css","ebook":"styles/ebook.css","print":"styles/print.css"}},"file":{"path":"chapter13/part4.md","mtime":"2020-02-14T14:15:30.934Z","type":"markdown"},"gitbook":{"version":"3.2.3","time":"2020-02-14T17:06:46.480Z"},"basePath":"..","book":{"language":""}}); }); diff --git a/docs/chapter13/part5.md b/docs/chapter13/part5.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..045096f --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter13/part5.md @@ -0,0 +1,46 @@ +## exec 介绍 + +sys_exec 会中止当前进程并跳转到开始执行另一个制定的程序。 + +我们先来看看 sys_exec 的接口, 在 linux C 中最主要的接口是 + +```c +int execve (const char* path,char* const argv[], char* const envp[]); +``` + +其中 `path` 表示启动程序所在的路径名,`argv` 表示启动程序所带的参数, `envp` 表示启动程序所需要的环境变量参数。成功时返回0,失败时返回非零值。这里我们先实现简化的版本: + +```c +fn sys_exec(path: *const u8) +``` + +也就是仅仅考虑执行路径,同时简化了失败时的返回值,失败一律返回-1。 + +来看一个简单的例子: + +```rust +// rust/exec.rs +pub fn main() -> usize { + println!("this is exec_test ^o^"); + sys_exec("/rust/hello_world\0".as_ptr() as *const u8); + println!("should not arrive here. exec error."); + 0 +} +``` + +输出应该是这个样子,一旦执行sys_exec,原来程序的一切都被抛弃了。 + +```bash +this is exec_test ^o^ +Hello world! from user mode program! +Hello world! from user mode program! +Hello world! from user mode program! +Hello world! from user mode program! +Hello world! from user mode program! +Hello world! from user mode program! +Hello world! from user mode program! +Hello world! from user mode program! +Hello world! from user mode program! +Hello world! from user mode program! +thread 1 exited, exit code = 0 +``` \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/docs/chapter13/part6.html b/docs/chapter13/part6.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f096e0b --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter13/part6.html @@ -0,0 +1,1359 @@ + + + + + + + exec 实现思路 · GitBook + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
    +
    + + + + + + + + +
    + +
    + +
    + + + + + + + + +
    +
    + +
    +
    + +
    + +

    exec 的实现

    +

    sys_exec 的语义中,我们需要完成的过程包括:

    +
      +
    • 1.回收当前进程(Thread)的所有资源
    • +
    • 2.为新进程申请足够的资源、读取解析镜像
    • +
    • 3.跳转到新进程开始执行
    • +
    +

    原进程的资源在进程控制块中:

    +
    pub struct Thread {
    +    pub context: Context,
    +    pub kstack: KernelStack,
    +    pub wait: Option<Tid>,
    +    pub vm: Option<Arc<Mutex<MemorySet>>>,
    +}
    +
    +

    我们不析构这一结构体,而是替换其中内容。其中 context 用来是的其他进程跳转到该进程,新进程会在被替换出去的时候设置,我们不需要改变(留好位置就行),在我们的实现中 wait 的含义是结束后需要唤醒的进程,我们可以直接继承(或者说为了简便实现,我们没有提供改变的接口),kstack 仅仅在执行内核代码时使用,进入用户态后一定是空的,仅仅起提供空间的作用,可以直接继承。所以我们只需要改变 vm

    +

    因此干如下几件事情:

    +
      +
    • 1.为新进程申请足够的资源、读取解析镜像,构造新 vm
    • +
    • 2.替换 vm,并激活新页表供用户态使用
    • +
    • 3.跳转到新进程开始执行
    • +
    +

    来看代码实现:

    +
    // 输入参数包含了执行程序的位置以及中断帧,其中中断帧用来改变syscall返回时返回的地址
    +fn sys_exec(path: *const u8, tf: &mut TrapFrame) -> isize {
    +    let exec_path = unsafe { from_cstr(path) };
    +    let find_result = ROOT_INODE.lookup(exec_path);
    +    match find_result {
    +        Ok(inode) => {
    +            let data = inode.read_as_vec().unwrap();
    +            // 该函数完成elf的解析和vm的构造(仅仅重新封装了 Thread::new_user 的部分实现), entry_addr 是新程序的入口地址,ustack_top是用户栈栈顶
    +            let (mut vm, entry_addr, ustack_top) = unsafe { Thread::new_user_vm(data.as_slice()) };
    +            // 读取当前进程的进程控制块
    +            let proc = process::current_thread();
    +            // 设置新vm
    +            core::mem::swap(&mut *proc.vm.as_ref().unwrap().lock(), &mut vm);
    +            // 切换satp(页表)
    +            unsafe {
    +                proc.vm.as_ref().unwrap().lock().activate();
    +            }
    +            // 仅仅是为了尽早释放锁
    +            drop(proc);
    +            // 构造新的tf来改变syscall返回后返回的程序
    +            *tf = TrapFrame::new_user_thread(entry_addr, ustack_top);
    +            0
    +        }
    +        Err(_) => {
    +            println!("exec error! cannot find the program {}", exec_path);
    +            -1
    +        }
    +    }
    +}
    +
    +

    结合一些接口上的简单修改(syscall->sys_exit的内容,不赘述),我们就完成了sys_exec的实现,是不是特别简单呢?我们还没有解决的问题是如何使得 syscall 返回的时候返回到新的进程开始执行(TrapFrame::new_user_thread)。这将在下一部分细说。

    +

    我们替换了原本的sys_exec(实际是一个spawn),是的它不再可被用户太访问了,除非提供一个新的系统调用。

    +

    完成了 sys_fork 和 sys_exec 我们可以对应改写 user_shell 的内容:

    +
    #[no_mangle]
    +pub fn main() {
    +    println!("Rust user shell");
    +    let mut line: String = String::new();
    +    print!(">> ");
    +    loop {
    +        let c = getc();
    +        match c {
    +            LF | CR => {
    +                println!("");
    +                if !line.is_empty() {
    +                    println!("searching for program {}", line);
    +                    // 使用fork和exec完成原本的spawn的功能
    +                    if sys_fork() == 0 {
    +                        line.push('\0');
    +                        sys_exec(line.as_ptr());
    +                        sys_exit(0);
    +                    }
    +                    line.clear();
    +                }
    +                print!(">> ");
    +            }
    +            _ => {
    +                print!("{}", c as char);
    +                line.push(c as char);
    +            }
    +        }
    +    }
    +}
    +
    +

    user_shell同时也完成了exec的简单测试。 +

    + + +
    + +
    +
    +
    + +

    results matching ""

    +
      + +
      +
      + +

      No results matching ""

      + +
      +
      +
      + +
      +
      + +
      + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
      + + +
      + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + diff --git a/docs/chapter13/part7.html b/docs/chapter13/part7.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f7ded7 --- /dev/null +++ b/docs/chapter13/part7.html @@ -0,0 +1,1294 @@ + + + + + + + 跳转到指定用户太环境 · GitBook + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
      +
      + + + + + + + + +
      + +
      + +
      + + + + + + + + +
      +
      + +
      +
      + +
      + +

      如何从内核态定向返回

      +

      想想在课堂上学到的内容,如果在用户态度我们想要改变返回地址,我们可以修改 x1(ra) 寄存器,从内核态返回用户态是一个十分类似的过程,只不过用来描述返回目的地的内容变成了中断帧(trapframe)。

      +
      pub struct TrapFrame {
      +    pub x: [usize; 32],   // General registers
      +    pub sstatus: Sstatus, // Supervisor Status Register
      +    pub sepc: usize,      // Supervisor exception program counter
      +    pub stval: usize,     // Supervisor trap value
      +    pub scause: Scause,   // Scause register: record the cause of exception/interrupt/trap
      +}
      +
      +

      只需要通过修改中断帧我们就可以完全控制从内核态返回后的执行环境。想想新的中断帧应该如何构造呢?新进程没有通用寄存器的信息,我们可以直接初始化为0, stvalscause 寄存器同理。特殊的通用寄存器 x2(sp) 需要我们特殊设置(程序初始化的必要条件,其他的程序会自己搞定),sstatus寄存器对程序状态的控制很重要,需要小心设置。

      +
        +
      • context.rs
      • +
      +
      impl TrapFrame {
      +    pub fn new_user_thread(entry_addr: usize, sp: usize) -> Self {
      +        use core::mem::zeroed;
      +        let mut tf: Self = unsafe { zeroed() };
      +        tf.x[2] = sp;
      +        tf.sepc = entry_addr;
      +        tf.sstatus = sstatus::read();
      +        tf.sstatus.set_spie(true); // 使得进入用户态后开启中断
      +        tf.sstatus.set_sie(false);
      +        tf.sstatus.set_spp(sstatus::SPP::User); // 令sret返回U态
      +        tf
      +    }
      +}
      +
      +

      + + +
      + +
      +
      +
      + +

      results matching ""

      +
        + +
        +
        + +

        No results matching ""

        + +
        +
        +
        + +
        +
        + +
        + + + + + + + + + + +
        + + +
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Tutorial\n这是一个展示如何从零开始用 Rust 语言写一个基于 64 位 RISC-V 架构的操作系统的教程。完成这个教程后,你将可以在内核上运行用户态终端,并在终端内输入命令运行其他程序。\n代码仓库\n左侧章节目录中含有一对方括号\"[ ]\"的小节表示这是一个存档点,即这一节要对最近几节的代码进行测试。所以我们对每个存档点都设置了一个 commit 保存其完整的状态以供出现问题时参考。\n与章节相对应的代码可以很容易的找到。章节标题下提供了指向下一个存档点代码状态的链接。\n阅读在线文档并进行实验\n\n实验 ppt: rcore step-by-step tutorial\n实验文档:rcore step-by-step tutorial\n实验代码:rcore step-by-step code\n\n评论区\n对于章节内容有任何疑问及建议,请在对应页面最下面的评论区中发表观点。注意需要用 Github ID 登录后才能评论。\n好了,那就让我们正式开始!\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter0/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter0/introduction.html","title":"第零章:实验环境说明","keywords":"","body":"第零章:实验环境说明\n本章概要\n这一章主要包括:\n\n在线实验环境的使用说明\ndocker 实验环境的使用说明\n本地实验环境的使用说明\n\n下面的实验环境建立方式由简单到相对复杂一些,同学们可以基于自己的情况选择合适的实验方式。\n在线环境下运行实验\n目前在线实验环境是基于实验楼的在线实验环境。用户只需有一个能够上网的 browser 即可进行实验。首先需要在实验楼上注册一个账号,然后在rcore 在线实验环境的网页上输入验证码:wfkblCQp 就可以进入在线的实验环境。尝试执行下面的命令就开始进行实验了。\n# 编译\ncd rCore_tutorial; git checkout master; make all\n# 运行\nmake run\n\ndocker 环境下运行实验\n我们支持 docker 环境下进行实现,在 docker hub 上已有可用的 docker 环境,在当前目录下运行 make docker 将会从云端拉取 docker 镜像,并将当前目录挂载到 /mnt 位置。\n# 启动docker环境\nmake docker # 会进入docker中的终端\ncd /mnt\n# 然后可以进行编译/qemu中运行实验。例如:\n# 编译用户态app组成的image\ncd usr\nmake user_img\n# 编译内核\ncd ../os\nmake build\n# 运行\nmake run\n\n如有兴趣,也可以自行构建/调整 docker 镜像,相关的 Dockerfile 文件在当前目录下,我们提供了 make docker_build 命令来帮助构建,详情请看 Dockerfile 和 Makefile\n本地 Linux 环境下运行实验\n我们也支持本地 Linux 环境下开展实验,不过需要提前安装相关软件包,如 rustc nightly,qemu-4.1.0+,device-tree-compiler 等(后续章节会提供安装教程)。具体细节可参考 支持 docker 建立的 Dockerfile 和 支持 github 自动测试的 main.yml 。假定安装好了相关软件,直接只需下面的命令,即可进行实验:\n# 在把实验代码下载到本地\ngit clone https://github.com/rcore-os/rCore_tutorial.git\n# 编译\ncd rCore_tutorial; git checkout master; make all\n# 运行\nmake run\n# 如果一切正常,则qemu模拟的risc-v64计算机将输出\n\nOpenSBI v0.4 (Jul 2 2019 11:53:53)\n ____ _____ ____ _____\n / __ \\ / ____| _ \\_ _|\n | | | |_ __ ___ _ __ | (___ | |_) || |\n | | | | '_ \\ / _ \\ '_ \\ \\___ \\| _ >\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter1/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter1/introduction.html","title":"第一章:独立式可执行程序","keywords":"","body":"第一章:独立化可执行程序\n本章概要\n这一章你将会学到:\n\n安装 nightly Rust\n使用 cargo(包管理器) 创建 Rust 项目\n移除 Rust 程序对操作系统的依赖,构建一个独立化可执行的程序\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter1/part1.html":{"url":"chapter1/part1.html","title":"安装 nightly rust","keywords":"","body":"安装 nightly Rust\n\n代码\n\n我们首先使用如下命令安装 Rust 工具链管理器 rustup 和 Rust 包管理器 cargo:\n$ curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh\n\nRust 包含:stable、beta、nightly 三个版本。默认情况下我们安装的是 stable 稳定版。由于在编写操作系统时需要使用 Rust 的一些不稳定的实验功能,因此我们使用 nightly 每日构建版。\n但是,由于官方不保证 nightly 版本的 ABI 稳定性,也就意味着今天写的代码用未来的 nightly 可能无法编译通过,因此一般在使用 nightly 时应该锁定一个日期。\n我们在工作目录下创建一个名为 rust-toolchain 的文件,并在其中写入所需的工具链版本:\nnightly-2020-01-27\n今后所有在这个目录下使用 Rust 时都会自动切换到这个版本的工具链。\n\n随着日后的更新,后面的日期可能会变化,请以 GitHub 上的版本为准\n\n我们可以使用 rustc --version 或者 rustup show 查看当前 Rust 的版本,确认我们已经切换到了 nightly 版本。\n$ rustc --version\nrustc 1.42.0-nightly (6d3f4e0aa 2020-01-25)\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter1/part2.html":{"url":"chapter1/part2.html","title":"使用包管理器 cargo 创建 rust binary 项目","keywords":"","body":"使用包管理器 cargo 创建 Rust binary 项目\n\n代码\n\n使用 cargo new 创建一个新的 Rust binary 项目,命令如下:\n$ cargo new os --bin\n\n\n\n\ncargo new 的参数\n含义\n\n\n\n\nos\n项目的名称\n\n\n--bin\n可执行项目,和其相对的是库项目 --lib\n\n\n\n创建完成后,整个项目的文件结构如下:\nos\n├── Cargo.toml 项目配置文件\n└── src 源代码路径\n └── main.rs 源程序\n接下来我们进入 os 项目文件夹,并尝试构建、运行项目:\n$ cargo run\n ...\nHello, world!\n\n打开 os/src/main.rs 发现里面确实只是输出了一行 Hello, world! 。这个应用可以正常运行,但是即使只是这么一个简单的功能,也离不开所在操作系统(Ubuntu)的帮助。我们既然要写一个新的操作系统,就不能依赖于任何已有操作系统!接下来我们尝试移除该应用对于操作系统的依赖。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter1/part3.html":{"url":"chapter1/part3.html","title":"移除标准库依赖","keywords":"","body":"移除标准库依赖\n\n代码\n\n项目默认是链接 rust 标准库 std 的,它依赖于操作系统,因此我们需要显式将其禁用:\n// src/main.rs\n// 之后出现的所有代码块内的路径都放在 os 文件夹下\n\n#![no_std]\nfn main() {\n println!(\"Hello, world!\");\n}\n\n我们使用 cargo build 构建项目,会出现下面的错误:\n\n[danger] cargo build error\nerror: cannot find macro `println` in this scope\n --> src/main.rs:3:5\n |\n3 | println!(\"Hello, world!\");\n | ^^^^^^^\nerror: `#[panic_handler]` function required, but not found\nerror: language item required, but not found: `eh_personality\n\n\n接下来,我们依次解决这些问题。\nprintln!\n第一个错误是说 println! 宏未找到,实际上这个宏属于 Rust 标准库 std,由于它被我们禁用了当然就找不到了。我们暂时将其删除,之后给出不依赖操作系统的实现。\n\n[info] println!哪里依赖了操作系统\n这个宏会输出到 标准输出 ,而这需要操作系统的支持。\n\npanic_handler\n第二个错误是说需要一个函数作为 panic_handler ,这个函数负责在程序 panic 时调用。它默认使用标准库 std 中实现的函数,由于我们禁用了标准库,因此只能自己实现它:\n// src/main.rs\n\nuse core::panic::PanicInfo;\n// This function is called on panic.\n#[panic_handler]\nfn panic(_info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n loop {}\n}\n\n\n[info] panic\npanic 在 Rust 中表明程序遇到了不可恢复的错误,只能被迫停止运行。\n\n程序在 panic 后就应该结束,不过我们暂时先让这个 handler 卡在一个死循环里。因此这个 handler 不会结束,我们用!类型的返回值表明这个函数不会返回。\n这里我们用到了核心库 core ,与标准库 std 不同,这个库不需要操作系统的支持,下面我们还会与它打交道。\neh_personality\n第三个错误提到了语义项 (language item) ,它是编译器内部所需的特殊函数或类型。刚才的 panic_handler 也是一个语义项,我们要用它告诉编译器当程序 panic 之后如何处理。\n而这个错误相关语义项 eh_personality ,其中 eh 是 exception handling 的缩写,它是一个标记某函数用来实现 堆栈展开 处理功能的语义项。这个语义项也与 panic 有关。\n\n[info] 堆栈展开 (stack unwinding) \n通常,当程序出现了异常 (这里指类似 Java 中层层抛出的异常),从异常点开始会沿着 caller 调用栈一层一层回溯,直到找到某个函数能够捕获 (catch) 这个异常。这个过程称为 堆栈展开。\n当程序出现不可恢复错误时,我们需要沿着调用栈一层层回溯上去回收每个 caller 中定义的局部变量 避免造成内存溢出 。这里的回收包括 C++ 的 RAII 的析构以及 Rust 的 drop。\n而在 Rust 中,panic 证明程序出现了不可恢复错误,我们则会对于每个 caller 函数调用依次这个被标记为堆栈展开处理函数的函数。\n这个处理函数是一个依赖于操作系统的复杂过程,在标准库中实现,我们禁用了标准库使得编译器找不到该过程的实现函数了。\n\n简单起见,我们暂时不考虑内存溢出,设置当程序 panic 时不做任何清理工作,直接退出程序即可。这样堆栈展开处理函数不会被调用,编译器也就不会去寻找它的实现了。\n因此,我们在项目配置文件中直接将 dev (use for cargo build) 和 release (use for cargo build --release) 的 panic 的处理策略设为 abort。\n// Cargo.toml\n\n[profile.dev]\npanic = \"abort\"\n\n[profile.release]\npanic = \"abort\"\n\n此时,我们 cargo build ,但是又出现了新的错误...\n\n[danger] cargo build error\nerror: requires `start` lang_item\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter1/part4.html":{"url":"chapter1/part4.html","title":"移除 runtime 依赖","keywords":"","body":"移除 runtime 依赖\n\n代码\n\n对于大多数语言,他们都使用了 运行时系统(runtime system) ,这导致 main 并不是他们执行的第一个函数。\n以 Rust 语言为例:一个典型的链接了标准库的 Rust 程序会首先跳转到 C runtime library 中的 crt0(C runtime zero) 进入 C runtime 设置 C 程序运行所需要的环境(比如:创建堆栈,设置寄存器参数等)。\n然后 C runtime 会跳转到 Rust runtime 的 入口点(entry point) 进入 Rust runtime 继续设置 Rust 运行环境,而这个入口点就是被 start 语义项标记的。Rust runtime 结束之后才会调用 main 进入主程序。\nC runtime 和 Rust runtime 都需要标准库支持,我们的程序无法访问。如果覆盖了 start 语义项,仍然需要 crt0,并不能解决问题。所以需要重写覆盖 crt0 入口点:\n// src/main.rs\n\n#![no_std] // don't link the Rust standard library\n#![no_main] // disable all Rust-level entry points\n\nuse core::panic::PanicInfo;\n// This function is called on panic.\n#[panic_handler]\nfn panic(_info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n loop {}\n}\n\n#[no_mangle] // don't mangle the name of this function\npub extern \"C\" fn _start() -> ! {\n // this function is the entry point, since the linker looks for a function named `_start` by default\n loop {}\n}\n\n我们加上 #![no_main] 告诉编译器我们不用常规的入口点。\n同时我们实现一个 _start 函数,并加上 #[no_mangle] 告诉编译器对于此函数禁用 name mangling ,确保编译器生成一个名为 _start 的函数,而非为了保证函数名字唯一性而生成的形如 _ZN3blog_os4_start7hb173fedf945531caE 乱码般的名字。由于 _start 是大多数系统的默认入口点名字,所以我们要确保它不会发生变化。\n接着,我们使用 extern \"C\" 描述 _start 函数,这是 Rust 中的 FFI (Foreign Function Interface, 语言交互接口) 语法,表示此函数是一个 C 函数而非 Rust 函数。由于 _start 是作为 C runtime 的入口点,看起来合情合理。\n返回值类型为 ! 表明这个函数不允许返回。由于这个函数被操作系统或 bootloader 直接调用,这样做是必须的。为了从入口点函数退出,我们需要通过 exit 系统调用,但我们目前还没法做到这一步,因此就让它在原地转圈吧。\n由于程序会一直停在 C runtime crt0 的入口点,我们可以移除没用的 main 函数,并加上 ![no_main] 表示不用不使用普通的入口点那套理论。\n再次 cargo build ,我们即将面对这一章中的最后一个错误!\n\n[danger] cargo build error\nlinking with `cc` failed: exit code: 1\n\n这个错误同样与 C runtime 有关,尽管 C runtime 的入口点已经被我们覆盖掉了,我们的项目仍默认链接 C runtime,因此需要一些 C 标准库 (libc) 的内容,由于我们禁用了标准库,我们也同样需要禁用常规的 C 启动例程。\n将 cargo build 换成以下命令:\n\n[success] build passed\n$ cargo rustc -- -C link-arg=-nostartfiles\nCompiling os v0.1.0 ...\nFinished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 4.87s\n\n\n我们终于构建成功啦!虽然最后这个命令之后并不会用到,但是暂时看到了一个 success 不也很好吗?\n构建得到的可执行文件位置放在 os/target/debug/os 中。\n迄今为止的代码可以在这里找到,构建出现问题的话可以参考。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter1/part5.html":{"url":"chapter1/part5.html","title":"总结与展望","keywords":"","body":"总结与展望\n这一章我们配置了 Rust 开发环境,使用包管理器 cargo 创建了一个二进制项目。作为一个新的操作系统,我们需要移除它对已有的操作系统的依赖,实际上我们分别通过移除标准库依赖与移除运行环境依赖,最终成功构建,得到了一个独立式可执行程序。\n下一章我们将在这一章的基础上,针对目标硬件平台构建我们的内核镜像,使用 OpenSBI 进行启动,同时使用硬件模拟器 Qemu 模拟启动流程,并实现在屏幕上进行格式化输出。从而我们得到一个最小化内核作为后续开发的基础。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter2/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter2/introduction.html","title":"第二章:最小化内核","keywords":"","body":"第二章:最小化内核\n本章概要\n在上一章中,我们移除了程序中所有对于已有操作系统的依赖。但是我们的内核开发仍然需要依赖硬件平台。现在让我们来看一看怎样才能让我们的内核在硬件平台上跑起来。\n本章你将会学到:\n\n使用 目标三元组 描述目标平台\n使用 链接脚本 描述内存布局\n进行 交叉编译 生成可执行文件,进而生成内核镜像\n使用 OpenSBI 作为 bootloader 加载内核镜像,并使用 Qemu 进行模拟\n使用 OpenSBI 提供的服务,在屏幕上格式化打印字符串用于以后调试\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter2/part1.html":{"url":"chapter2/part1.html","title":"使用目标三元组描述目标平台","keywords":"","body":"使用目标三元组描述目标平台\n\n代码\n\ncargo 在编译项目时,可以附加目标参数 --target 设置项目的目标平台。平台包括硬件和软件支持,事实上,目标三元组(target triple) 包含:cpu 架构、供应商、操作系统和 ABI 。\n安装 Rust 时,默认编译后的可执行文件要在本平台上执行,我们可以使用\nrustc --version --verbose 来查看 Rust 的默认目标三元组:\n$ rustc --version --verbose\nrustc 1.42.0-nightly (859764425 2020-01-07)\nbinary: rustc\ncommit-hash: 85976442558bf2d09cec3aa49c9c9ba86fb15c1f\ncommit-date: 2020-01-07\nhost: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\nrelease: 1.42.0-nightly\nLLVM version: 9.0\n\n在 host 处可以看到默认的目标三元组, cpu 架构为 x86_64 ,供应商为 unknown ,操作系统为 linux ,ABI 为 gnu 。由于我们是在 64 位 ubuntu 上安装的 Rust ,这个默认目标三元组的确描述了本平台。\n官方对一些平台提供了默认的目标三元组,我们可以通过以下命令来查看完整列表:\nrustc --print target-list\n\n目标三元组 JSON 描述文件\n除了默认提供的以外,Rust 也允许我们用 JSON 文件定义自己的目标三元组。\n首先我们来看一下默认的目标三元组 x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu 的 JSON 文件描述,输入以下命令:\nrustc -Z unstable-options --print target-spec-json --target x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\n\n可以得到如下输出:\n// x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.json\n{\n \"arch\": \"x86_64\",\n \"cpu\": \"x86-64\",\n \"data-layout\": \"e-m:e-i64:64-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128\",\n \"dynamic-linking\": true,\n \"env\": \"gnu\",\n \"executables\": true,\n \"has-elf-tls\": true,\n \"has-rpath\": true,\n \"is-builtin\": true,\n \"linker-flavor\": \"gcc\",\n \"linker-is-gnu\": true,\n \"llvm-target\": \"x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\",\n \"max-atomic-width\": 64,\n \"os\": \"linux\",\n \"position-independent-executables\": true,\n \"pre-link-args\": {\n \"gcc\": [\"-Wl,--as-needed\", \"-Wl,-z,noexecstack\", \"-m64\"]\n },\n \"relro-level\": \"full\",\n \"stack-probes\": true,\n \"target-c-int-width\": \"32\",\n \"target-endian\": \"little\",\n \"target-family\": \"unix\",\n \"target-pointer-width\": \"64\",\n \"vendor\": \"unknown\"\n}\n\n可以看到里面描述了架构、 CPU 、操作系统、 ABI 、端序、字长等信息。\n我们现在想基于 64 位 RISCV 架构开发内核,就需要一份 riscv64 的目标三元组。幸运的是,目前 Rust 编译器已经内置了一个可用的目标:riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf。\n我们查看一下它的 JSON 描述文件:\nrustc -Z unstable-options --print target-spec-json --target riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf\n\n// riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf.json\n{\n \"abi-blacklist\": [\n \"cdecl\",\n \"stdcall\",\n \"fastcall\",\n \"vectorcall\",\n \"thiscall\",\n \"aapcs\",\n \"win64\",\n \"sysv64\",\n \"ptx-kernel\",\n \"msp430-interrupt\",\n \"x86-interrupt\",\n \"amdgpu-kernel\"\n ],\n \"arch\": \"riscv64\",\n \"code-model\": \"medium\",\n \"cpu\": \"generic-rv64\",\n \"data-layout\": \"e-m:e-p:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-n64-S128\",\n \"eliminate-frame-pointer\": false,\n \"emit-debug-gdb-scripts\": false,\n \"env\": \"\",\n \"executables\": true,\n \"features\": \"+m,+a,+c\",\n \"is-builtin\": true,\n \"linker\": \"rust-lld\",\n \"linker-flavor\": \"ld.lld\",\n \"llvm-target\": \"riscv64\",\n \"max-atomic-width\": 64,\n \"os\": \"none\",\n \"panic-strategy\": \"abort\",\n \"relocation-model\": \"static\",\n \"target-c-int-width\": \"32\",\n \"target-endian\": \"little\",\n \"target-pointer-width\": \"64\",\n \"vendor\": \"unknown\"\n}\n\n我们来看它与默认的目标三元组有着些许不同的地方:\n\"panic-strategy\": \"abort\",\n\n这个描述了 panic 时采取的策略。回忆上一章中,我们在 Cargo.toml 中设置程序在 panic 时直接 abort ,从而不必调用堆栈展开处理函数。由于目标三元组中已经包含了这个参数,我们可以将 Cargo.toml 中的设置删除了:\n-[profile.dev]\n-panic = \"abort\"\n\n-[profile.release]\n-panic = \"abort\"\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter2/part2.html":{"url":"chapter2/part2.html","title":"编译、生成内核镜像","keywords":"","body":"编译、生成内核镜像\n\n代码\n\n使用 riscv64 目标编译项目\n现在我们尝试用 riscv64 的目标来编译这个项目:\n$ cargo build --target riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf\n\n结果出现了以下错误:\nerror[E0463]: can't find crate for `core`\n |\n = note: the `riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf` target may not be installed\n\n原因是 Rust 工具链默认没有内置核心库 core 在这个目标下的预编译版本,我们可以使用以下命令手动安装它:\n$ rustup target add riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf\n\n很快下载安装好后,我们重试一下,发现就可以成功编译了。\n编译出的结果被放在了 target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug 文件夹中。可以看到其中有一个名为 os 的可执行文件。不过由于它的目标平台是 riscv64,我们暂时还不能执行它。\n为项目设置默认目标三元组\n由于我们之后都会使用 riscv64 作为编译目标,为了避免每次都要加 --target 参数,我们可以使用 Cargo 配置文件 为项目配置默认的编译选项。\n在 os 文件夹中创建一个 .cargo 文件夹,并在其中创建一个名为 config 的文件,在其中填入以下内容:\n# .cargo/config\n\n[build]\ntarget = \"riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf\"\n\n这指定了此项目编译时默认的目标。以后我们就可以直接使用 cargo build 来编译了。\n安装 binutils 工具集\n为了查看和分析生成的可执行文件,我们首先需要安装一套名为 binutils 的命令行工具集,其中包含了 objdump、objcopy 等常用工具。\nRust 社区提供了一个 cargo-binutils 项目,可以帮助我们方便地调用 Rust 内置的 LLVM binutils。我们用以下命令安装它:\n$ cargo install cargo-binutils\n$ rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n\n之后尝试使用 rust-objdump 看看是否安装成功。\n\n[info] 其它选择:GNU 工具链\n除了内置的 LLVM 工具链以外,我们也可以使用 GNU 工具链,其中还包含了 GCC 等 C 语言工具链。\n我们可以下载最新的预编译版本(Linux/Mac)并安装,如果该链接过期的话可以在 这里 自己找。\n\n查看生成的可执行文件\n我们编译之后的产物为 target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os ,让我们先看看它的文件类型:\n$ file target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os\ntarget/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, UCB RISC-V, version 1 (SYSV), statically linked, with debug_info, not stripped\n\n从中,我们可以看出它是一个 64 位的 elf 可执行文件,架构是 RISC-V ;链接方式为 静态链接 ;not stripped 指的是里面符号表的信息未被剔除,而这些信息在调试程序时会用到,程序正常执行时通常不会使用。\n接下来使用刚刚安装的工具链中的 rust-objdump 工具看看它的具体信息:\n$ rust-objdump target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os -x --arch-name=riscv64\n\ntarget/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os: file format ELF64-riscv\n\narchitecture: riscv64\nstart address: 0x0000000000011000\n\nSections:\nIdx Name Size VMA Type\n 0 00000000 0000000000000000\n 1 .text 0000000c 0000000000011000 TEXT\n 2 .debug_str 000004f6 0000000000000000\n 3 .debug_abbrev 0000010e 0000000000000000\n 4 .debug_info 00000633 0000000000000000\n 5 .debug_aranges 00000040 0000000000000000\n 6 .debug_ranges 00000030 0000000000000000\n 7 .debug_macinfo 00000001 0000000000000000\n 8 .debug_pubnames 000000ce 0000000000000000\n 9 .debug_pubtypes 000003a2 0000000000000000\n 10 .debug_frame 00000068 0000000000000000\n 11 .debug_line 00000059 0000000000000000\n 12 .comment 00000012 0000000000000000\n 13 .symtab 00000108 0000000000000000\n 14 .shstrtab 000000b4 0000000000000000\n 15 .strtab 0000002d 0000000000000000\n\nSYMBOL TABLE:\n0000000000000000 l df *ABS* 00000000 3k1zkxjipadm3tm5\n0000000000000000 .debug_frame 00000000\n0000000000011000 .text 00000000\n0000000000011000 .text 00000000\n0000000000011000 .text 00000000\n000000000001100c .text 00000000\n0000000000000000 .debug_ranges 00000000\n0000000000000000 .debug_info 00000000\n0000000000000000 .debug_line 00000000 .Lline_table_start0\n0000000000011000 g F .text 0000000c _start\nProgram Header:\n PHDR off 0x0000000000000040 vaddr 0x0000000000010040 paddr 0x0000000000010040 align 2**3\n filesz 0x00000000000000e0 memsz 0x00000000000000e0 flags r--\n LOAD off 0x0000000000000000 vaddr 0x0000000000010000 paddr 0x0000000000010000 align 2**12\n filesz 0x0000000000000120 memsz 0x0000000000000120 flags r--\n LOAD off 0x0000000000001000 vaddr 0x0000000000011000 paddr 0x0000000000011000 align 2**12\n filesz 0x0000000000001000 memsz 0x0000000000001000 flags r-x\n STACK off 0x0000000000000000 vaddr 0x0000000000000000 paddr 0x0000000000000000 align 2**64\n filesz 0x0000000000000000 memsz 0x0000000000000000 flags rw-\n\nDynamic Section:\n\n我们按顺序逐个查看:\n\nstart address 是程序的入口地址。\nSections,从这里我们可以看到程序各段的各种信息。后面以 debug 开头的段是调试信息。\nSYMBOL TABLE 即符号表,从中我们可以看到程序中所有符号的地址。例如 _start 就位于入口地址上。\nProgram Header 是程序加载时所需的段信息。\n其中 off 是它在文件中的位置,vaddr 和 paddr 是要加载到的虚拟地址和物理地址,align 规定了地址的对齐,filesz 和 memsz 分别表示它在文件和内存中的大小,flags 描述了相关权限(r:可读,w:可写,x:可执行)\n\n\n在这里我们使用的是 -x 来查看程序的元信息,下面我们用 -d 来对代码进行反汇编:\n$ rust-objdump target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os -d --arch-name=riscv64\n\ntarget/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os: file format ELF64-riscv\n\n\nDisassembly of section .text:\n\n0000000000011000 _start:\n 11000: 41 11 addi sp, sp, -16\n 11002: 06 e4 sd ra, 8(sp)\n 11004: 22 e0 sd s0, 0(sp)\n 11006: 00 08 addi s0, sp, 16\n 11008: 09 a0 j 2\n 1100a: 01 a0 j 0\n\n可以看到其中只有一个 _start 函数,里面什么都不做,就一个死循环。\n生成内核镜像\n我们之前生成的 elf 格式可执行文件有以下特点:\n\n含有冗余的调试信息,使得程序体积较大;\n需要对 program header 部分进行手动解析才能知道各段的信息,而这需要我们了解 program header 的二进制格式,并以字节为单位进行解析。\n\n由于我们目前没有调试的手段,不需要调试信息;同时也不会解析 elf 格式文件,所以使用工具 rust-objcopy 从 elf 格式可执行文件生成内核镜像:\n$ rust-objcopy target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os --strip-all -O binary target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/kernel.bin\n\n这里 --strip-all 表明丢弃所有符号表及调试信息,-O binary 表示输出为二进制文件。\n至此,我们编译并生成了内核镜像 kernel.bin 。接下来,我们将使用 Qemu 模拟器真正将我们的内核镜像跑起来。不过在此之前还需要完成两个工作:调整内存布局 和 重写入口函数 。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter2/part3.html":{"url":"chapter2/part3.html","title":"使用链接脚本指定内存布局","keywords":"","body":"使用链接脚本指定程序内存布局\n\n代码\n\n上一节中我们看到,编译出的程序默认被放到了从 0x10000 开始的位置上:\nstart address: 0x0000000000011000\n...\nProgram Header:\n PHDR off 0x0000000000000040 vaddr 0x0000000000010040 ...\n LOAD off 0x0000000000000000 vaddr 0x0000000000010000 ...\n LOAD off 0x0000000000001000 vaddr 0x0000000000011000 ...\n STACK off 0x0000000000000000 vaddr 0x0000000000000000 ...\n这是因为对于普通用户程序来说,数据是放在低地址空间上的。\n但是对于 OS 内核,它一般都在高地址空间上。并且在 RISCV 中,内存(RAM)的物理地址也是从 0x80000000 开始的。因此接下来我们需要调整程序的内存布局,改变它的链接地址。\n\n[info] 程序的内存布局\n一般来说,一个程序按照功能不同会分为下面这些段:\n\n$\\text{.text}$ 段,即代码段,存放汇编代码;\n$\\text{.rodata}$ 段,即只读数据段,顾名思义里面存放只读数据,通常是程序中的常量;\n$\\text{.data}$ 段,存放被初始化的可读写数据,通常保存程序中的全局变量;\n$\\text{.bss}$ 段,存放被初始化为 $0$ 的可读写数据,与 $\\text{.data}$ 段的不同之处在于我们知道它要被初始化为 $0$ ,因此在可执行文件中只需记录这个段的大小以及所在位置即可,而不用记录里面的数据。\n$\\text{stack}$ ,即栈,用来存储程序运行过程中的局部变量,以及负责函数调用时的各种机制。它从高地址向低地址增长;\n$\\text{heap}$ ,即堆,用来支持程序运行过程中内存的动态分配,比如说你要读进来一个字符串,在你写程序的时候你也不知道它的长度究竟为多少,于是你只能在运行过程中,知道了字符串的长度之后,再在堆中给这个字符串分配内存。\n\n内存布局,也就是指这些段各自所放的位置。一种典型的内存布局如下:\n\n\n编写链接脚本\n我们使用 链接脚本(linker script)来指定程序的内存布局。创建一个文件 src/boot/linker64.ld:\n// src/boot/linker64.ld\n\nOUTPUT_ARCH(riscv)\nENTRY(_start)\n\nBASE_ADDRESS = 0x80200000;\n\nSECTIONS\n{\n /* Load the kernel at this address: \".\" means the current address */\n . = BASE_ADDRESS;\n start = .;\n\n .text : {\n stext = .;\n *(.text.entry)\n *(.text .text.*)\n . = ALIGN(4K);\n etext = .;\n }\n\n .rodata : {\n srodata = .;\n *(.rodata .rodata.*)\n . = ALIGN(4K);\n erodata = .;\n }\n\n .data : {\n sdata = .;\n *(.data .data.*)\n edata = .;\n }\n\n .stack : {\n *(.bss.stack)\n }\n\n .bss : {\n sbss = .;\n *(.bss .bss.*)\n ebss = .;\n }\n\n PROVIDE(end = .);\n}\n\n时至今日我们已经不太可能将所有代码都写在一个文件里面。在编译过程中,我们的编译器和链接器已经给每个文件都自动生成了一个内存布局。这里,我们的链接工具所要做的是最终将各个文件的内存布局装配起来生成整个程序的内存布局。\n我们首先使用 OUTPUT_ARCH 指定了架构,随后使用 ENTRY_POINT 指定了 入口点 为 _start ,即程序第一条被执行的指令所在之处。在这个链接脚本中我们并未看到 _start ,回忆上一章,我们为了移除运行时环境依赖,重写了 C runtime 的入口 _start 。所以,链接脚本宣布整个程序会从那里开始运行。\n链接脚本的整体写在 SECTION{ } 中,里面有多个形如 $\\text{output section: { input section list }}$ 的语句,每个都描述了一个整个程序内存布局中的一个输出段 $\\text{output section}$ 是由各个文件中的哪些输入段 $\\text{input section}$ 组成的。\n我们可以用 $()$ 来表示将各个文件中所有符合括号内要求的输入段放在当前的位置。而括号内,你可以直接使用段的名字,也可以包含通配符 $$ 。\n单独的一个 . 为 当前地址 (Location Counter) ,可以对其赋值来从设置的地址继续向高地址放置各个段。如果不进行赋值的话,则默认各个段会紧挨着向高地址放置。将一个 符号 赋值为 . 则会记录下这个符号的地址。\n到这里我们大概看懂了这个链接脚本在做些什么事情。首先是从 BASE_ADDRESS 即 0x80200000 开始向下放置各个段,依次是 $\\text{.text, .rodata, .data, .stack, .bss}$ 。同时我们还记录下了每个段的开头和结尾地址,如 $\\text{.text}$ 段的开头、结尾地址分别就是符号 $\\text{stext, etext}$ 的地址,我们接下来会用到。\n\nOpenSBI 将自身放在 0x80000000 ,完成初始化后会跳转到 0x80200000 ,因此 _start 必须位于这个地址。.text 为代码段标识,其第一个函数就是 _start 。\n\n这里面有两个输入段与其他长的不太一样,即 .text.entry,.bss.stack\\text{.text.entry,.bss.stack}.text.entry,.bss.stack ,似乎编译器不会自动生成这样名字的段。事实上,它们是我们在后面自己定义的。\n使用链接脚本\n为了在编译时使用上面自定义的链接脚本,我们在 .cargo/config 文件中加入以下配置:\n[target.riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf]\nrustflags = [\n \"-C\", \"link-arg=-Tsrc/boot/linker64.ld\",\n]\n\n它的作用是在链接时传入一个参数 -T 来指定使用哪个链接脚本。\n我们重新编译一下,然后再次查看生成的可执行文件:\n$ cargo build\n...\n Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.23s\n$ rust-objdump target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os -h --arch-name=riscv64\n\ntarget/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os: file format ELF64-riscv\n\nSections:\nIdx Name Size VMA Type\n 0 00000000 0000000000000000\n 1 .text 00001000 0000000080200000 TEXT\n 2 .rodata 00000000 0000000080201000 TEXT\n 3 .data 00000000 0000000080201000 TEXT\n 4 .bss 00000000 0000000080201000 BSS\n...\n$ rust-objdump target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os -d --arch-name=riscv64\n\ntarget/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os: file format ELF64-riscv\n\n\nDisassembly of section .text:\n\n0000000080200000 stext:\n80200000: 41 11 addi sp, sp, -16\n80200002: 06 e4 sd ra, 8(sp)\n80200004: 22 e0 sd s0, 0(sp)\n80200006: 00 08 addi s0, sp, 16\n80200008: 09 a0 j 2\n8020000a: 01 a0 j 0\n ...\n\n程序已经被正确地放在了指定的地址上。\n到这里,我们清楚了最终程序的内存布局会长成什么样子。下一节我们来补充这个链接脚本中未定义的段,并完成编译。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter2/part4.html":{"url":"chapter2/part4.html","title":"重写程序入口点 -start","keywords":"","body":"重写程序入口点 _start\n\n代码\n\n我们在第一章中,曾自己重写了一个 C runtime 的入口点 _start ,在那里我们仅仅只是让它死循环。但是现在,类似 C runtime ,我们希望这个函数可以为我们设置内核的运行环境(不妨称为 kernel runtime ) 。随后,我们才真正开始执行内核的代码。\n但是具体而言我们需要设置怎样的运行环境呢?\n\n[info] 第一条指令\n在 CPU 加电或 reset 后,它首先会进行 自检 (POST, Power-On Self-Test) ,通过自检后会跳转到 启动代码(bootloader) 的入口。在 bootloader 中,我们进行外设探测,并对内核的运行环境进行初步设置。随后, bootloader 会将内核代码从硬盘 load 到内存中,并跳转到内核入口,正式进入内核。\n所以 CPU 所执行的第一条指令是指 bootloader 的第一条指令。\n\n幸运的是, 我们已经有现成的 bootloader 实现 -- OpenSBI 固件(firmware)。\n\n[info] firmware 固件\n在计算中,固件是一种特定的计算机软件,它为设备的特定硬件提供低级控制进一步加载其他软件的功能。固件可以为设备更复杂的软件(如操作系统)提供标准化的操作环境,或者,对于不太复杂的设备,充当设备的完整操作系统,执行所有控制、监视和数据操作功能。 在基于 x86 的计算机系统中, BIOS 或 UEFI 是一种固件;在基于 riscv 的计算机系统中,OpenSBI 是一种固件。\n\nOpenSBI 固件运行在特权级别很高的计算机硬件环境中,即 riscv64 cpu 的 M Mode (CPU 加电后也就运行在 M Mode) ,我们将要实现的 OS 内核运行在 S Mode , 而我们要支持的用户程序运行在 U Mode 。在开发过程中我们重点关注 S Mode 。\n\n[info] riscv64 的特权级\n如图所示,共有如下几个特权级:\n\n从 U 到 S 再到 M,权限不断提高,这意味着你可以使用更多的特权指令,访需求权限更高的寄存器等等。我们可以使用一些指令来修改 CPU 的当前特权级。而当当前特权级不足以执行特权指令或访问一些寄存器时,CPU 会通过某种方式告诉我们。\n\nOpenSBI 所做的一件事情就是把 CPU 从 M Mode 切换到 S Mode ,接着跳转到一个固定地址 0x80200000,开始执行内核代码。\n\n[info] riscv64 的 M Mode\nM-mode(机器模式,缩写为 M 模式)是 RISC-V 中 hart(hardware thread,硬件线程)可以执行的最高权限模式。在 M 模式下运行的 hart 对内存,I/O 和一些对于启动和配置系统来说必要的底层功能有着完全的使用权。\n[info] riscv64 的 S Mode\nS-mode(监管者模式,缩写为 S 模式)是支持现代类 Unix 操作系统的权限模式,支持现代类 Unix 操作系统所需要的基于页面的虚拟内存机制是其核心。\n\n接着我们要在 _start 中设置内核的运行环境了,我们直接来看代码:\n# src/boot/entry64.asm\n\n .section .text.entry\n .globl _start\n_start:\n la sp, bootstacktop\n call rust_main\n\n .section .bss.stack\n .align 12\n .global bootstack\nbootstack:\n .space 4096 * 4\n .global bootstacktop\nbootstacktop:\n\n可以看到之前未被定义的 $\\text{.bss.stack}$ 段出现了,我们只是在这里分配了一块 $4096\\times{4}\\text{Bytes}=\\text{16KiB}$ 的内存作为内核的栈。之前的 $\\text{.text.entry}$ 也出现了:我们将 _start 函数放在了 $\\text{.text}$ 段的开头。\n我们看看 _start 里面做了什么:\n\n修改栈指针寄存器 $\\text{sp}$ 为 $\\text{.bss.stack}$ 段的结束地址,由于栈是从高地址往低地址增长,所以高地址是栈顶;\n使用 call 指令跳转到 rust_main 。这意味着我们的内核运行环境设置完成了,正式进入内核。\n\n我们将 src/main.rs 里面的 _start 函数删除,并换成 rust_main :\n// src/main.rs\n\n#![feature(global_asm)]\n\nglobal_asm!(include_str!(\"boot/entry64.asm\"));\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n loop {}\n}\n\n到现在为止我们终于将一切都准备好了,接下来就要配合 OpenSBI 运行我们的内核!\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter2/part5.html":{"url":"chapter2/part5.html","title":"使用 Qemu 运行内核","keywords":"","body":"使用 Qemu 运行内核\n\n代码\n\n安装模拟器 Qemu\n如果你在使用 Linux (Ubuntu) ,需要到 Qemu 官方网站下载源码并自行编译,因为 Ubuntu 自带的软件包管理器 apt 中的 Qemu 的版本过低无法使用。参考命令如下:\n$ wget https://download.qemu.org/qemu-4.1.1.tar.xz\n$ tar xvJf qemu-4.1.1.tar.xz\n$ cd qemu-4.1.1\n$ ./configure --target-list=riscv32-softmmu,riscv64-softmmu\n$ make -j\n$ export PATH=$PWD/riscv32-softmmu:$PWD/riscv64-softmmu:$PATH\n\n可查看更详细的安装和使用命令。同时,我们在每次开机之后要使用此命令来允许模拟器过量使用内存(不是必须的),否则无法正常使用 Qemu:\n$ sudo sysctl vm.overcommit_memory=1\n\n如果你在使用 macOS,只需要 Homebrew 一个命令即可:\n$ brew install qemu\n\n最后确认一下 Qemu 已经安装好,且版本在 4.1.0 以上:\n$ qemu-system-riscv64 --version\nQEMU emulator version 4.1.1\nCopyright (c) 2003-2019 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers\n\n使用 OpenSBI\n新版 Qemu 中内置了 OpenSBI firrmwire(固件),它主要负责在操作系统运行前的硬件初始化和加载操作系统的功能。我们使用以下命令尝试运行一下:\n$ qemu-system-riscv64 \\\n> --machine virt \\\n> --nographic \\\n> --bios default\n\nOpenSBI v0.4 (Jul 2 2019 11:53:53)\n ____ _____ ____ _____\n / __ \\ / ____| _ \\_ _|\n | | | |_ __ ___ _ __ | (___ | |_) || |\n | | | | '_ \\ / _ \\ '_ \\ \\___ \\| _ \n可以看到我们已经在 qemu-system-riscv64 模拟的 virt machine 硬件上将 OpenSBI 这个 firmwire 跑起来了。Qemu 可以使用 Ctrl+a 再按下 x 退出。\n\n[info] OpenSBI的内部实现\n如果对 OpenSBI 的内部实现感兴趣,可以看看RISCV OpenSBI Deep_Dive 介绍文档。\n\n加载内核镜像\n为了确信我们已经跑起来了内核里面的代码,我们最好在 rust_main 里面加一点东西。\n// src/main.rs\n\n#![feature(asm)]\n\n// 在屏幕上输出一个字符,目前我们先不用了解其实现原理\npub fn console_putchar(ch: u8) {\n let ret: usize;\n let arg0: usize = ch as usize;\n let arg1: usize = 0;\n let arg2: usize = 0;\n let which: usize = 1;\n unsafe {\n asm!(\"ecall\"\n : \"={x10}\" (ret)\n : \"{x10}\" (arg0), \"{x11}\" (arg1), \"{x12}\" (arg2), \"{x17}\" (which)\n : \"memory\"\n : \"volatile\"\n );\n }\n}\n\n#[no_mangle]\nextern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n // 在屏幕上输出 \"OK\\n\" ,随后进入死循环\n console_putchar(b'O');\n console_putchar(b'K');\n console_putchar(b'\\n');\n loop {}\n}\n\n这样,如果我们将内核镜像加载完成后,屏幕上出现了 OK ,就说明我们之前做的事情没有问题。如果想进一步了解上面例子中的内联汇编(\"asm!\"),请参考 附录:内联汇编 。\n现在我们生成内核镜像要通过多条命令来完成,我们通过 Makefile 来简化这一过程。\n# Makefile\n\ntarget := riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf\nmode := debug\nkernel := target/$(target)/$(mode)/os\nbin := target/$(target)/$(mode)/kernel.bin\n\nobjdump := rust-objdump --arch-name=riscv64\nobjcopy := rust-objcopy --binary-architecture=riscv64\n\n.PHONY: kernel build clean qemu run env\n\nenv:\n cargo install cargo-binutils\n rustup component add llvm-tools-preview rustfmt\n rustup target add $(target)\n\nkernel:\n cargo build\n\n$(bin): kernel\n $(objcopy) $(kernel) --strip-all -O binary $@\n\nasm:\n $(objdump) -d $(kernel) | less\n\nbuild: $(bin)\n\nclean:\n cargo clean\n\nqemu: build\n qemu-system-riscv64 \\\n -machine virt \\\n -nographic \\\n -bios default \\\n -device loader,file=$(bin), addr=0x80200000\n\nrun: build qemu\n\n这里我们通过参数 --device 来将内核镜像加载到 Qemu 中,我们指定了内核镜像文件,但这个地址 0x80200000 又是怎么一回事?我们目前先不用在意这些细节,等后面会详细讲解。\n于是,我们可以使用 make run 来用 Qemu 加载内核镜像并运行。匆匆翻过一串长长的 OpenSBI 输出,我们看到了 OK !于是历经了千辛万苦我们终于将我们的内核跑起来了!\n没有看到 OK ?迄今为止的代码可以在这里找到,请参考。\nvirt machine硬件配置\n\n[info] 扩展内容\n\n也许有同学对qemu-system-riscv64模拟的virt machine计算机的硬件配置感兴趣,那么通过如下命令,可以看到到当前virt machine的硬件配置信息:\n$ sudo apt install device-tree-compiler #安装device tree编译器/解释器 dtc\n$ qemu-system-riscv64 -machine virt -machine dumpdtb=riscv64-virt.dtb -bios default #生成virt machine计算机的二进制device tree信息\n$ dtc -I dtb -O dts -o riscv64-virt.dts riscv64-virt.dtb #转换为文本格式的device tree信息\n$ more riscv64-virt.dts #显示virt machine计算机的硬件配置信息\n如果同学对qemu-system-riscv64模拟的virt machine计算机硬件(包括外设)配置的具体实现代码感兴趣,那么可看看qemu riscv 的 virt machine 实现。\n下一节我们实现格式化输出来使得我们后续能够更加方便的通过输出来进行内核调试。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter2/part6.html":{"url":"chapter2/part6.html","title":"封装 SBI 接口","keywords":"","body":"封装 SBI 接口\n\n代码\n\n代码整理\n将一切都写在一个 main.rs 中终究是一个不好的习惯,我们将代码分为不同模块整理一下。\n我们先将 console_putchar 函数删掉,并将 rust_main 中调用 console_putchar 的部分也删除。\n随后将 rust_main 抽取到init.rs中:\n// src/init.rs\n\nglobal_asm!(include_str!(\"boot/entry64.asm\"));\n\n#[no_mangle]\nextern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n loop {}\n}\n\n将语义项们抽取到lang_items.rs中:\n// src/lang_items.rs\n\nuse core::panic::PanicInfo;\n\n#[panic_handler]\nfn panic(_: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n loop {}\n}\n\n#[no_mangle]\nextern \"C\" fn abort() -> ! {\n panic!(\"abort!\");\n}\n\n并在代表os crate的 lib.rs 中引用这两个子模块:\n// src/lib.rs\n\n#![no_std]\n#![feature(asm)]\n#![feature(global_asm)]\n\nmod init;\nmod lang_items;\n\n以及只需使用 os crate 的孤零零的 main.rs。\n// src/main.rs\n\n#![no_std]\n#![no_main]\n\n#[allow(unused_imports)]\nuse os;\n\n使用 OpenSBI 提供的服务\nOpenSBI 实际上不仅起到了 bootloader 的作用,还为我们提供了一些服务供我们在编写内核时使用。这层接口称为 SBI (Supervisor Binary Interface),是 S-Mode 的 kernel 和 M-Mode 执行环境之间的标准接口。\n我们查看 OpenSBI 文档 # legacy sbi extension ,里面包含了一些以 C 函数格式给出的我们可以调用的接口。\n上一节中我们的 console_putchar 函数类似于调用下面的接口来实现的:\nvoid sbi_console_putchar(int ch)\n\n实际的过程是这样的:我们通过 ecall 发起系统调用。OpenSBI 会检察发起的系统调用的编号,如果编号在 0-8 之间,则进行处理,否则交由我们自己的中断处理程序处理(暂未实现)。\n\n实现了编号在 0-8 之间的系统调用,具体请看 OpenSBI 文档 # function list\n\n执行 ecall 前需要指定系统调用的编号,传递参数。一般而言,$a_7$ 为系统调用编号,$a_0 , a_1 , a_2$ 为参数:\n// src/lib.rs\n\nmod sbi;\n\n// src/sbi.rs\n\n//! Port from sbi.h\n#![allow(dead_code)]\n\n#[inline(always)]\nfn sbi_call(which: usize, arg0: usize, arg1: usize, arg2: usize) -> usize {\n let ret;\n unsafe {\n asm!(\"ecall\"\n : \"={x10}\" (ret)\n : \"{x10}\" (arg0), \"{x11}\" (arg1), \"{x12}\" (arg2), \"{x17}\" (which)\n : \"memory\"\n : \"volatile\");\n }\n ret\n}\n\n\n[info] 函数调用与 calling convention \n我们知道,编译器将高级语言源代码翻译成汇编代码。对于汇编语言而言,在最简单的编程模型中,所能够利用的只有指令集中提供的指令、各通用寄存器、 CPU 的状态、内存资源。那么,在高级语言中,我们进行一次函数调用,编译器要做哪些工作利用汇编语言来实现这一功能呢?\n显然并不是仅用一条指令跳转到被调用函数开头地址就行了。我们还需要考虑:\n\n如何传递参数?\n如何传递返回值?\n如何保证函数返回后能从我们期望的位置继续执行?\n\n等更多事项。通常编译器按照某种规范去翻译所有的函数调用,这种规范被称为 calling convention 。值得一提的是,为了实现函数调用,我们需要预先分配一块内存作为 调用栈 ,后面会看到调用栈在函数调用过程中极其重要。你也可以理解为什么第一章刚开始我们就要分配栈了。\n\n对于参数比较少且是基本数据类型的时候,我们从左到右使用寄存器 $a_0 \\sim a_7$ 就可以完成参数的传递。(可参考 riscv calling convention)\n然而,如这种情况一样,设置寄存器并执行汇编指令,这超出了 Rust 语言的描述能力。然而又与之前 global_asm! 大段插入汇编代码不同,我们要把 u8 类型的单个字符传给 $a_0$ 作为输入参数,这种情况较为强调 Rust 与汇编代码的交互。此时我们通常使用 内联汇编(inline assembly) 。\n\n[info] 拓展内联汇编\nRust 中拓展内联汇编的格式如下:\nasm!(assembler template\n : /* output operands */\n : /* input operands */\n : /* clobbered registers list */\n : /* option */\n);\n\n其中:\n\nassembler template 给出字符串形式的汇编代码;\noutput operands 以及 input operands 分别表示输出和输入,体现着汇编代码与 Rust 代码的交互。每个输出和输入都是用 “constraint”(expr) 的形式给出的,其中 expr 部分是一个 Rust 表达式作为汇编代码的输入、输出,通常为了简单起见仅用一个变量。而 constraint 则是你用来告诉编译器如何进行参数传递;\nclobbered registers list 需要给出你在整段汇编代码中,除了用来作为输入、输出的寄存器之外,还曾经显式/隐式的修改过哪些寄存器。由于编译器对于汇编指令所知有限,你必须手动告诉它“我可能会修改这个寄存器”,这样它在使用这个寄存器时就会更加小心;\noption 是 Rust 语言内联汇编 特有 的(相对于 C 语言),用来对内联汇编整体进行配置。\n如果想进一步了解上面例子中的内联汇编(\"asm!\"),请参考附录:内联汇编。\n\n\n输出部分,我们将结果保存到变量 ret 中,限制条件 {x10} 告诉编译器使用寄存器 $x_{10}(a_0)$ ,前面的 = 表明汇编代码会修改该寄存器并作为最后的返回值。一般情况下 output operands 的 constraint 部分前面都要加上 = 。\n输入部分,我们分别通过寄存器 $x{10}(a_0),x{11}(a1),x{12}(a2),x{17}(a_7)$ 传入参数 arg0,arg1,arg2,which ,它们分别代表接口可能所需的三个输入参数(arg0,arg1,arg2),以及用来区分我们调用的是哪个接口的 SBI Extension ID(which) 。这里之所以提供三个输入参数是为了将所有接口囊括进去,对于某些接口有的输入参数是冗余的,比如sbi_console_putchar`` 由于只需一个输入参数,它就只关心寄存器 $a_0$ 的值。\n在 clobbered registers list 中,出现了一个 \"memory\" ,这用来告诉编译器汇编代码隐式的修改了在汇编代码中未曾出现的某些寄存器。所以,它也不能认为汇编代码中未出现的寄存器就会在内联汇编前后保持不变了。\n在 option 部分出现了 \"volatile\" ,我们可能在很多地方看到过这个单词。不过在内联汇编中,主要意思是告诉编译器,不要将内联汇编代码移动到别的地方去。我们知道,编译器通常会对翻译完的汇编代码进行优化,其中就包括对指令的位置进行调换。像这种情况,调换可能就会产生我们预期之外的结果。谨慎起见,我们针对内联汇编禁用这一优化。\n接着利用 sbi_call 参考 OpenSBI 文档实现对应的接口:\n// src/sbi.rs\n\npub fn console_putchar(ch: usize) {\n sbi_call(SBI_CONSOLE_PUTCHAR, ch, 0, 0);\n}\n\npub fn console_getchar() -> usize {\n sbi_call(SBI_CONSOLE_GETCHAR, 0, 0, 0)\n}\n\n...\n\nconst SBI_SET_TIMER: usize = 0;\nconst SBI_CONSOLE_PUTCHAR: usize = 1;\nconst SBI_CONSOLE_GETCHAR: usize = 2;\nconst SBI_CLEAR_IPI: usize = 3;\nconst SBI_SEND_IPI: usize = 4;\nconst SBI_REMOTE_FENCE_I: usize = 5;\nconst SBI_REMOTE_SFENCE_VMA: usize = 6;\nconst SBI_REMOTE_SFENCE_VMA_ASID: usize = 7;\nconst SBI_SHUTDOWN: usize = 8;\n\n现在我们比较深入的理解了 console_putchar 到底是怎么一回事。下一节我们将使用 console_putchar 实现格式化输出,为后面的调试提供方便。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter2/part7.html":{"url":"chapter2/part7.html","title":"实现格式化输出","keywords":"","body":"实现格式化输出\n\n代码\n\n只能使用 console_putchar 这种苍白无力的输出手段让人头皮发麻。如果我们能使用 print! 宏的话该有多好啊!于是我们就来实现自己的 print!宏!\n我们将这一部分放在 src/io.rs 中,先用 console_putchar 实现两个基础函数:\n// src/lib.rs\n\n// 由于使用到了宏,需要进行设置\n// 同时,这个 module 还必须放在其他 module 前\n#[macro_use]\nmod io;\n\n// src/io.rs\n\nuse crate::sbi;\n\n// 输出一个字符\npub fn putchar(ch: char) {\n sbi::console_putchar(ch as u8 as usize);\n}\n\n// 输出一个字符串\npub fn puts(s: &str) {\n for ch in s.chars() {\n putchar(ch);\n }\n}\n\n而关于格式化输出, rust 中提供了一个接口 core::fmt::Write ,你需要实现函数\n// required\nfn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result\n\n随后你就可以调用如下函数(会进一步调用write_str 实现函数)来进行显示。\n// provided\nfn write_fmt(mut self: &mut Self, args: Arguments) -> Result\n\nwrite_fmt 函数需要处理 Arguments 类封装的输出字符串。而我们已经有现成的 format_args! 宏,它可以将模式字符串+参数列表的输入转化为 Arguments 类!比如 format_args!(\"{} {}\", 1, 2) 。\n因此,我们的 print! 宏的实现思路便为:\n\n解析传入参数,转化为 format_args! 可接受的输入(事实上原封不动就行了),并通过 format_args! 宏得到 Arguments 类;\n调用 write_fmt 函数输出这个类;\n\n而为了调用 write_fmt 函数,我们必须实现 write_str 函数,而它可用 puts 函数来实现。支持print!宏的代码片段如下:\n// src/io.rs\n\nuse core::fmt::{ self, Write };\n\nstruct Stdout;\n\nimpl fmt::Write for Stdout {\n fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n puts(s);\n Ok(())\n }\n}\n\npub fn _print(args: fmt::Arguments) {\n Stdout.write_fmt(args).unwrap();\n}\n\n#[macro_export]\nmacro_rules! print {\n ($($arg:tt)*) => ({\n $crate::io::_print(format_args!($($arg)*));\n });\n}\n\n#[macro_export]\nmacro_rules! println {\n () => ($crate::print!(\"\\n\"));\n ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::print!(\"{}\\n\", format_args!($($arg)*)));\n}\n\n由于并不是重点就不在这里赘述宏的语法细节了(实际上我也没弄懂),总之我们实现了 print!, println! 两个宏,现在是时候看看效果了!\n首先,我们在 panic 时也可以看看到底发生了什么事情了!\n// src/lang_items.rs\n\n#[panic_handler]\nfn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n println!(\"{}\", info);\n loop {}\n}\n\n其次,我们可以验证一下我们之前为内核分配的内存布局是否正确:\n// src/init.rs\n\nuse crate::io;\nuse crate::sbi;\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n extern \"C\" {\n fn _start();\n fn bootstacktop();\n }\n println!(\"_start vaddr = 0x{:x}\", _start as usize);\n println!(\"bootstacktop vaddr = 0x{:x}\", bootstacktop as usize);\n println!(\"hello world!\");\n panic!(\"you want to do nothing!\");\n loop {}\n}\n\nmake run 一下,我们可以看到输出为:\n\n[success] 格式化输出通过\n_start vaddr = 0x80200000\nbootstacktop vaddr = 0x80208000\nhello world!\npanicked at 'you want to do nothing!', src/init.rs:15:5\n\n\n我们看到入口点的地址确实为我们安排的 0x80200000 ,同时栈的地址也与我们在内存布局中看到的一样。更重要的是,我们现在能看到内核 panic 的位置了!这将大大有利于调试。\n目前所有的代码可以在这里找到。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter2/part8.html":{"url":"chapter2/part8.html","title":"总结与展望","keywords":"","body":"总结与展望\n这一章我们主要做的事情是为内核提供硬件平台支持。\n首先要让我们的内核有可能在指定的平台上运行。而那与我们当前所在的并非一个平台,指令集并不相通。为此我们使用 交叉编译 将内核编译到用 目标三元组 描述的目标平台上,还使用 链接脚本 指定了其内存布局,将内核的代码、数据均放在高地址。\n然而编译好了之后它也就静止地放在那里而已。为了让它启动起来,我们使用 bootloader(OpenSBI) 将内核加载进来并运行。同时,我们发现 OpenSBI 的能力比我们想象中要强大,我们简单地通过 内联汇编 请求 OpenSBI 向我们提供的服务,实现了 格式化输出 。当然出于方便及节约成本,这一切都是在 模拟器 Qemu 上进行的。\n到这里我们终于有了一个内核,而且它能在特定平台上运行了!\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter3/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter3/introduction.html","title":"第三章:中断","keywords":"","body":"第三章:中断\n本章概要\n操作系统是计算机系统的监管者,必须能对计算机系统状态的突发变化做出反应,这些系统状态可能是程序执行出现异常,或者是突发的外设请求。当计算机系统遇到突发情况时,不得不停止当前的正常工作,应急响应一下,这是需要操作系统来接管,并跳转到对应处理函数进行处理,处理结束后再回到原来的地方继续执行指令。这个过程就是中断处理过程。\n\n[info] 中断分类\n异常(Exception),指在执行一条指令的过程中发生了错误,此时我们通过中断来处理错误。最常见的异常包括:访问无效内存地址、执行非法指令(除零)、发生缺页等。他们有的可以恢复(如缺页),有的不可恢复(如除零),只能终止程序执行。\n陷入(Trap),指我们主动通过一条指令停下来,并跳转到处理函数。常见的形式有通过ecall进行系统调用(syscall),或通过ebreak进入断点(breakpoint)。\n外部中断(Interrupt),简称中断,指的是 CPU 的执行过程被外设发来的信号打断,此时我们必须先停下来对该外设进行处理。典型的有定时器倒计时结束、串口收到数据等。\n外部中断是异步(asynchronous)的,CPU 并不知道外部中断将何时发生。CPU 也并不需要一直在原地等着外部中断的发生,而是执行代码,有了外部中断才去处理。我们知道,CPU 的主频远高于 I/O 设备,这样避免了 CPU 资源的浪费。\n\n本章你将会学到:\n\nriscv 的中断相关知识\n中断前后如何进行上下文环境的保存与恢复\n处理最简单的断点中断和时钟中断。\n\n\n[info] 为何先学习中断?\n我们在实现操作系统过程中,会出现各种不可预知的异常错误,且系统一般都会当机(挂了),让开发者不知所措。如果我们实现的 OS 有了中断(包括异常)处理能力,那么在由于某种编程失误产生异常时,OS 能感知到异常,并能提供相关信息(比如异常出现的原因,异常产生的地址等)给开发者,便于开发者修改程序。\n另外,中断机制(特别是时钟中断)是实现后续进程切换与调度、系统服务机制等的基础。\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter3/part1.html":{"url":"chapter3/part1.html","title":"rv64 中断介绍","keywords":"","body":"rv64 中断介绍\n再看 rv64 权限模式\n\n[info] 再看 riscv64 的 M Mode\nM-mode(机器模式,缩写为 M 模式)是 RISC-V 中 hart(hardware thread,硬件线程)可以执行的最高权限模式。在 M 模式下运行的 hart 对内存,I/O 和一些对于启动和配置系统来说必要的底层功能有着完全的使用权。默认情况下,发生所有异常(不论在什么权限模式下)的时候,控制权都会被移交到 M 模式的异常处理程序。它是唯一所有标准 RISC-V 处理器都必须实现的权限模式。\n[info] 再看 riscv64 的 S Mode\nS-mode(监管者模式,缩写为 S 模式)是支持现代类 Unix 操作系统的权限模式,支持基于页面的虚拟内存机制是其核心。 Unix 系统中的大多数例外都应该进行 S 模式下的系统调用。M 模式的异常处理程序可以将异常重新导向 S 模式,也支持通过异常委托机制(Machine Interrupt Delegation,机器中断委托)选择性地将中断和同步异常直接交给 S 模式处理,而完全绕过 M 模式。\n\nrv64 中断相关寄存器\n下面的寄存器主要用于设置或保存中断相关的静态或动态信息。\n\n [info] 中断相关寄存器 \n当我们触发中断进入 S 态进行处理时,以下寄存器会被硬件自动设置:\nsepc(exception program counter),它会记录触发中断的那条指令的地址;\nscause,它会记录中断发生的原因,还会记录该中断是不是一个外部中断;\nstval,它会记录一些中断处理所需要的辅助信息,比如取指、访存、缺页异常,它会把发生问题的目标地址记录下来,这样我们在中断处理程序中就知道处理目标了。\n还有一些中断配置的寄存器:\nstvec,设置如何寻找 S 态中断处理程序的起始地址,保存了中断向量表基址 BASE,同时还有模式 MODE。\n当MODE=0\\text{MODE}=0MODE=0,设置为 Direct 模式时,无论中断因何发生我们都直接跳转到基址pc=BASE\\text{pc}=\\text{BASE}pc=BASE。\n当MODE=1\\text{MODE}=1MODE=1时,设置为 Vectored 模式时,遇到中断我们会进行跳转如下:pc=BASE+4×cause\\text{pc}=\\text{BASE}+4\\times\\text{cause}pc=BASE+4×cause。而这样,我们只需将各中断处理程序放在正确的位置,并设置好 stvec ,遇到中断的时候硬件根据中断原因就会自动跳转到对应的中断处理程序了;\nsstatus,S 态控制状态寄存器。保存全局中断使能标志,以及许多其他的状态。可设置此寄存器来中断使能与否。\n\nrv64 中断相关特权指令\n我们再来看一下中断相关的指令。\n\n [info] 中断相关指令 \necall(environment call),当我们在 S 态执行这条指令时,会触发一个 ecall-from-s-mode-exception,从而进入 M 模式中的中断处理流程(如设置定时器等);当我们在 U 态执行这条指令时,会触发一个 ecall-from-u-mode-exception,从而进入 S 模式中的中断处理流程(常用来进行系统调用)。\nsret,用于 S 态中断返回到 U 态,实际作用为pc=sepc\\text{pc}=\\text{sepc}pc=sepc,回顾sepc定义,返回到通过中断进入 S 态之前的地址。\nebreak(environment break),执行这条指令会触发一个断点中断从而进入中断处理流程。\nmret,用于 M 态中断返回到 S 态或 U 态,实际作用为pc=mepc\\text{pc}=\\text{mepc}pc=mepc,回顾sepc定义,返回到通过中断进入 M 态之前的地址。(一般不用涉及)\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter3/part2.html":{"url":"chapter3/part2.html","title":"手动触发断点中断","keywords":"","body":"手动触发断点中断\n\n代码\n\n如要让 OS 正确处理各种中断,首先 OS 在初始化时,需要设置好中断处理程序的起始地址,并使能中断。\n我们引入一个对寄存器进行操作的库,这样就可以不用自己写了。\n// Cargo.toml\n\n[dependencies]\nriscv = { git = \"https://github.com/rcore-os/riscv\", features = [\"inline-asm\"] }\n\n设置中断处理程序起始地址\n为了方便起见,我们先将 stvec 设置为 Direct 模式跳转到一个统一的处理程序。\n// src/lib.rs\n\nmod interrupt;\n\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\nuse riscv::register::{\n scause,\n sepc,\n stvec,\n sscratch\n};\n\npub fn init() {\n unsafe {\n sscratch::write(0);\n stvec::write(trap_handler as usize, stvec::TrapMode::Direct);\n }\n println!(\"++++ setup interrupt! ++++\");\n}\n\nfn trap_handler() -> ! {\n let cause = scause::read().cause();\n let epc = sepc::read();\n println!(\"trap: cause: {:?}, epc: 0x{:#x}\", cause, epc);\n panic!(\"trap handled!\");\n}\n\n这里我们通过设置 stvec 使得所有中断都跳转到 trap_handler 并将其作为中断处理程序。而这个中断处理程序仅仅输出了一下中断原因以及中断发生的地址,就匆匆 panic 了事。\n\n[info] 初始化时为何将sscratch寄存器置 0?\n将sscratch寄存器置 0 也许让人费解,我们会在part4 实现上下文环境保存与恢复中 j 进一步详细分析它的作用。简单地说,这里的设置是为了在产生中断是根据 sscratch 的值是否为 0 来判断是在 S 态产生的中断还是 U 态(用户态)产生的中断。由于这里还没有 U 态的存在,所以这里是否置 0 其实并无影响。\n\n我们在主函数中通过汇编指令手动触发断点中断:\n// src/init.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n crate::interrupt::init();\n unsafe {\n asm!(\"ebreak\"::::\"volatile\");\n }\n panic!(\"end of rust_main\");\n}\n\n使用 make run构建并运行,有结果,但不是想看到的:\n\n[danger] 非预期的显示结果\n++++ setup interrupt! ++++\n++++ setup interrupt! ++++\n......\n\n\n开启内核态中断使能\n为何没有中断处理程序的显示,而是 qemu 模拟的 riscv 计算机不断地重新启动?仔细检查一下代码,发现在初始化阶段缺少使能中断这一步!\n事实上寄存器 sstatus 中有一控制位 SIE,表示 S 态全部中断的使能。如果没有设置这个SIE控制位,那在 S 态是不能正常接受时钟中断的。需要对下面的代码进行修改,在初始化阶段添加使能中断这一步:\ndiff --git a/os/src/interrupt.rs b/os/src/interrupt.rs\n...\n@@ -2,13 +2,15 @@ use riscv::register::{\n scause,\n sepc,\n stvec,\n- sscratch\n+ sscratch,\n+ sstatus\n };\n\n pub fn init() {\n unsafe {\n sscratch::write(0);\n stvec::write(trap_handler as usize, stvec::TrapMode::Direct);\n+ sstatus::set_sie();\n }\n println!(\"++++ setup interrupt! ++++\");\n }\n\n再使用 make run构建并运行,有预想的结果了!\n\n[success] trap handled\n++++ setup interrupt! ++++\ntrap: cause: Exception(Breakpoint), epc: 0x0x80200022\npanicked at 'trap handled!', src/interrupt.rs:20:5\n\n\n可见在进入中断处理程序之前,硬件为我们正确的设置好了 scause,sepc 寄存器;随后我们正确的进入了设定的中断处理程序。如果输出与预期不一致的话,可以在这里找到目前的代码进行参考。\n到目前为止,虽然能够响应中断了,但在执行完中断处理程序后,系统还无法返回到之前中断处继续执行。如何做到?请看下一节。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter3/part3.html":{"url":"chapter3/part3.html","title":"程序运行上下文环境","keywords":"","body":"程序运行上下文环境\n\n代码\n\n考虑在中断发生之前,程序的程序运行上下文环境(也称运行状态,程序运行中的中间结果)保存在一些寄存器中。而中断发生时,硬件仅仅帮我们设置中断原因、中断地址,随后就根据 stvec 直接跳转到中断处理程序。而中断处理程序可能会修改了那个保存了重要结果的寄存器,而后,即使处理结束后使用 sret 指令跳回到中断发生的位置,原来的程序也会一脸懵逼:这个中间结果怎么突然变了?\n\n[info] 函数调用与调用约定(calling convention)\n其实中断处理也算是一种函数调用,而我们必须保证在函数调用前后上下文环境(包括各寄存器的值)不发生变化。而寄存器分为两种,一种是调用者保存(caller-saved),也就是子程序可以肆无忌惮的修改这些寄存器而不必考虑后果,因为在进入子程序之前他们已经被保存了;另一种是被调用者保存(callee-saved),即子程序必须保证自己被调用前后这些寄存器的值不变。\n函数调用还有一些其它问题,比如参数如何传递——是通过寄存器传递还是放在栈上。这些标准由指令集在调用约定(calling convention)中规定,并由操作系统和编译器实现。\n调用约定(calling convention) 是二进制接口(ABI, Application Binary Interface)的一个重要方面。在进行多语言同时开发时尤其需要考虑。设想多种语言的函数互相调来调去,那时你就只能考虑如何折腾寄存器和栈了。\n\n简单起见,在中断处理前,我们把全部寄存器都保存在栈上,并在中断处理后返回到被打断处之前还原所有保存的寄存器,这样总不会出错。我们使用一个名为中断帧(TrapFrame)的结构体来记录这些寄存器的值:\n// src/lib.rs\n\nmod context;\n\n// src/context.rs\n\nuse riscv::register::{\n sstatus::Sstatus,\n scause::Scause,\n};\n\n#[repr(C)]\n#[derive(Debug)]\npub struct TrapFrame {\n pub x: [usize; 32], // General registers\n pub sstatus: Sstatus, // Supervisor Status Register\n pub sepc: usize, // Supervisor exception program counter\n pub stval: usize, // Supervisor trap value\n pub scause: Scause, // Scause register: record the cause of exception/interrupt/trap\n}\n\n我们将323232个通用寄存器全保存下来,同时还之前提到过的进入中断之前硬件会自动设置的三个寄存器,还有状态寄存器 sstatus 也会被修改。\n其中属性#[repr(C)]表示对这个结构体按照 C 语言标准进行内存布局,即从起始地址开始,按照字段的声明顺序依次排列,如果不加上这条属性的话,Rust 编译器对结构体的内存布局是不确定的(Rust 语言标准没有结构体内存布局的规定),我们就无法使用汇编代码对它进行正确的读写。\n如何在中断处理过程中保存与恢复程序的上下文环境?请看下一节。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter3/part4.html":{"url":"chapter3/part4.html","title":"实现上下文环境保存与恢复","keywords":"","body":"实现上下文环境保存与恢复\n\n代码\n\nOS 在正确完成中断初始化(设置中断处理程序的起始地址,并使能中断)后,还需为被中断的程序保存和恢复当时程序运行时的上下文(实际上就是一堆寄存器的值,具体内容在[part3 中描述的中断帧(TrapFrame)结构体][part3.md]中有详细定义)\n# src/trap/trap.asm\n\n .section.text\n .globl __alltraps\n__alltraps:\n SAVE_ALL\n mv a0, sp\n jal rust_trap\n\n .globl __trapret\n__trapret\n RESTORE_ALL\n sret\n\n我们首先定义 __alltraps 函数作为所有中断处理程序的入口,这里我们首先通过 SAVE_ALL (汇编宏)来保存上下文环境,随后将当前栈顶地址 sp 的值给到寄存器 a0 ,这是因为在 risc-v calling convention 中,规定 a0 保存函数输入的第一个参数,于是就相当于将栈顶地址传给函数 rust_trap 作为第一个参数。\n随后,我们通过 jal 调用 rust_trap 函数并在返回之后跳转到调用语句的下一条指令。实际上调用返回之后进入 __trapret 函数,这里我们通过 RESTORE_ALL (汇编宏)恢复中断之前的上下文环境,并最终通过一条 sret 指令跳转到 sepc指向的地址,即回到触发中断的那条指令所在地址。这会导致触发中断的那条指令又被执行一次。\n注意,由于这部分用到了 SAVE_ALL 和 RESTORE_ALL 两个汇编宏,所以这部分必须写在最下面。\n我们定义几个常量和宏:\n# src/trap/trap.asm\n\n# 常量:表示每个寄存器占的字节数,由于是64位,都是8字节\n.equ XLENB 8\n\n# 将地址 sp+8*a2 处的值 load 到寄存器 a1 内\n.macro LOAD a1, a2\n ld \\a1, \\a2*XLENB(sp)\n.endm\n\n# 将寄存器 a1 内的值 store 到地址 sp+8*a2 内\n.macro STORE a1, a2\n sd \\a1, \\a2*XLENB(sp)\n.endm\n\n保存上下文环境\nSAVE_ALL 的原理是:将一整个 TrapFrame 保存在内核栈上。我们现在就处在内核态(S 态),因此现在的栈顶地址 sp 就指向内核栈地址。但是,之后我们还要支持运行用户态程序,顾名思义,要在用户态(U 态)上运行,在中断时栈顶地址 sp 将指向用户栈顶地址,这种情况下我们要从用户栈切换到内核栈。\n# src/trap/trap.asm\n\n# 规定若在中断之前处于 U 态(用户态)\n# 则 sscratch 保存的是内核栈地址\n# 否则中断之前处于 S 态(内核态),sscratch 保存的是 0\n.macro SAVE_ALL\n # 通过原子操作交换 sp, sscratch\n # 实际上是将右侧寄存器的值写入中间 csr\n # 并将中间 csr 的值写入左侧寄存器\n csrrw sp, sscratch, sp\n\n # 如果 sp=0 ,说明交换前 sscratch=0\n # 则说明从内核态进入中断,不用切换栈\n # 因此不跳转,继续执行 csrr 再将 sscratch 的值读回 sp\n # 此时 sp,sscratch 均保存内核栈\n\n # 否则 说明sp!=0,说明从用户态进入中断,要切换栈\n # 由于 sscratch 规定,二者交换后\n # 此时 sp 为内核栈, sscratch 为用户栈\n # 略过 csrr 指令\n\n # 两种情况接下来都是在内核栈上保存上下文环境\n bnez sp, trap_from_user\ntrap_from_kernel:\n csrr sp, sscratch\ntrap_from_user:\n # 提前分配栈帧\n addi sp, sp, -36*XLENB\n # 按照地址递增的顺序,保存除x0, x2之外的通用寄存器\n # x0 恒为 0 不必保存\n # x2 为 sp 寄存器,需特殊处理\n STORE x1, 1\n STORE x3, 3\n STORE x4, 4\n ...\n STORE x30, 30\n STORE x31, 31\n\n # 若从内核态进入中断,此时 sscratch 为内核栈地址\n # 若从用户态进入中断,此时 sscratch 为用户栈地址\n # 将 sscratch 的值保存在 s0 中,并将 sscratch 清零\n csrrw s0, sscratch, x0\n # 分别将四个寄存器的值保存在 s1,s2,s3,s4 中\n csrr s1, sstatus\n csrr s2, sepc\n csrr s3, stval\n csrr s4, scause\n\n # 将 s0 保存在栈上\n STORE s0, 2\n # 将 s1,s2,s3,s4 保存在栈上\n STORE s1, 32\n STORE s2, 33\n STORE s3, 34\n STORE s4, 35\n.endm\n\n在 SAVE_ALL 之后,我们将一整个 TrapFrame 存在了内核栈上,且在地址区间[sp,sp+36×8)[\\text{sp},\\text{sp}+36\\times8)[sp,sp+36×8)上按照顺序存放了 TrapFrame 的各个字段。这样,rust_trap 可以通过栈顶地址正确访问 TrapFrame 了。\n恢复上下文环境\n而 RESTORE_ALL 正好是一个反过来的过程:\n# src/trap/trap.asm\n\n.macro RESTORE_ALL\n # s1 = sstatus\n LOAD s1, 32\n # s2 = sepc\n LOAD s2, 33\n # 我们可以通过另一种方式判断是从内核态还是用户态进入中断\n # 如果从内核态进入中断, sstatus 的 SPP 位被硬件设为 1\n # 如果从用户态进入中断, sstatus 的 SPP 位被硬件设为 0\n # 取出 sstatus 的 SPP\n andi s0, s1, 1 \n现在是时候实现中断处理函数 rust_trap了!\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\n// 引入 TrapFrame 结构体\nuse crate::context::TrapFrame;\n\n// 载入 trap.asm\nglobal_asm!(include_str!(\"trap/trap.asm\"));\n\npub fn init() {\n unsafe {\n extern \"C\" {\n // 中断处理总入口\n fn __alltraps();\n }\n // 经过上面的分析,由于现在是在内核态\n // 我们要把 sscratch 初始化为 0\n sscratch::write(0);\n // 仍使用 Direct 模式\n // 将中断处理总入口设置为 __alltraps\n stvec::write(__alltraps as usize, stvec::TrapMode::Direct);\n // 设置 sstatus 的 SIE 位\n sstatus::set_sie();\n }\n println!(\"++++ setup interrupt! ++++\");\n}\n\n// 删除原来的 trap_handler ,改成 rust_trap\n// 以 &mut TrapFrame 作为参数,因此可以知道中断相关信息\n// 在这里进行中断分发及处理\n#[no_mangle]\npub fn rust_trap(tf: &mut TrapFrame) {\n println!(\"rust_trap!\");\n // 触发中断时,硬件会将 sepc 设置为触发中断指令的地址\n // 而中断处理结束,使用 sret 返回时也会跳转到 sepc 处\n // 于是我们又要执行一次那条指令,触发中断,无限循环下去\n // 而我们这里是断点中断,只想这个中断触发一次\n // 因此我们将中断帧内的 sepc 字段设置为触发中断指令下一条指令的地址,即中断结束后跳过这条语句\n // 由于 riscv64 的每条指令都是 32 位,4 字节,因此将地址+ 4 即可\n // 这样在 RESTORE_ALL 时,这个修改后的 sepc 字段就会被 load 到 sepc 寄存器中\n // 使用 sret 返回时就会跳转到 ebreak 的下一条指令了\n tf.sepc += 4;\n}\n\n看起来很对,那我们 make run 运行一下吧!\n\n[danger] infinite rust_trap\n结果却不尽如人意,输出了一大堆乱码!\n\n我们使用 make asm 检查一下生成的汇编代码,看看是不是哪里出了问题。找到我们手动触发中断的 ebreak 指令:\n...\n0000000080200010 rust_main:\n80200010: 01 11 addi sp, sp, -32\n80200012: 06 ec sd ra, 24(sp)\n80200014: 22 e8 sd s0, 16(sp)\n80200016: 00 10 addi s0, sp, 32\n80200018: 97 00 00 00 auipc ra, 0\n8020001c: e7 80 40 10 jalr 260(ra)\n80200020: 09 a0 j 2\n80200022: 02 90 ebreak\n\n0000000080200024 .LBB0_3:\n80200024: 17 35 00 00 auipc a0, 3\n...\n\n不是说 riscv64 里面每条指令长度为 4 字节吗?我们发现 ebreak 这条指令仅长为 2 字节。我们将 ebreak 所在的地址 +4 ,得到的甚至不是一条合法指令的开头,而是下一条指令正中间的地址!这样当然有问题了。\n我们回头来看 riscv64 目标三元组中的一个设置:\n\"features\": \"+m,+a,+c\",\n\n实际上,这表示指令集的拓展。+m 表示可以使用整数乘除法指令; +a 表示可以使用原子操作指令; +c 表示开启压缩指令集,即对于一些常见指令,编译器会将其压缩到 161616 位即 222 字节,来降低可执行文件的大小!这就出现了上面那种诡异的情况。\n所以我们只需将 sepc 修正为 +2:\n- tf.sepc += 4;\n+ tf.sepc += 2;\n\n再 make run 尝试一下:\n\n[success] back from trap \n++++ setup interrupt! ++++\nrust_trap!\npanicked at 'end of rust_main', src/init.rs:9:5\n\n可以看到,我们确实手动触发中断,调用了中断处理函数,并通过上下文保存与恢复机制保护了上下文环境不受到破坏,正确在 ebreak 中断处理程序返回之后 panic。\n迄今为止的代码可以在这里找到。如果出现了问题的话就来检查一下吧。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter3/part5.html":{"url":"chapter3/part5.html","title":"时钟中断","keywords":"","body":"时钟中断\n\n代码\n\n在本节中,我们处理一种很重要的中断:时钟中断。这种中断我们可以设定为每隔一段时间硬件自动触发一次,在其对应的中断处理程序里,我们回到内核态,并可以强制对用户态或内核态的程序进行打断、调度、监控,并进一步管理它们对于资源的使用情况。\n\n[info] riscv 中的中断寄存器\nS 态的中断寄存器主要有 sie(Supervisor Interrupt Enable,监管中断使能), sip (Supervisor Interrupt Pending,监管中断待处理)两个,其中 s 表示 S 态,i 表示中断, e/p 表示 enable (使能)/ pending (提交申请)。\n处理的中断分为三种:\n\nSI(Software Interrupt),软件中断\nTI(Timer Interrupt),时钟中断\nEI(External Interrupt),外部中断\n\n比如 sie 有一个 STIE 位, 对应 sip 有一个 STIP 位,与时钟中断 TI 有关。当硬件决定触发时钟中断时,会将 STIP 设置为 1,当一条指令执行完毕后,如果发现 STIP 为 1,此时如果时钟中断使能,即 sie 的 STIE 位也为 1 ,就会进入 S 态时钟中断的处理程序。\n\n时钟初始化\n// src/lib.rs\n\nmod timer;\n\n// src/timer.rs\n\nuse crate::sbi::set_timer;\nuse riscv::register::{\n time,\n sie\n};\n\n// 当前已触发多少次时钟中断\npub static mut TICKS: usize = 0;\n// 触发时钟中断时间间隔\n// 数值一般约为 cpu 频率的 1% , 防止过多占用 cpu 资源\nstatic TIMEBASE: u64 = 100000;\npub fn init() {\n unsafe {\n // 初始化时钟中断触发次数\n TICKS = 0;\n // 设置 sie 的 TI 使能 STIE 位\n sie::set_stimer();\n }\n // 硬件机制问题我们不能直接设置时钟中断触发间隔\n // 只能当每一次时钟中断触发时\n // 设置下一次时钟中断的触发时间\n // 设置为当前时间加上 TIMEBASE\n // 这次调用用来预处理\n clock_set_next_event();\n println!(\"++++ setup timer! ++++\");\n}\n\npub fn clock_set_next_event() {\n // 调用 OpenSBI 提供的接口设置下次时钟中断触发时间\n set_timer(get_cycle() + TIMEBASE);\n}\n\n// 获取当前时间\nfn get_cycle() -> u64 {\n time::read() as u64\n}\n\n开启内核态中断使能\n事实上寄存器 sstatus 中有一控制位 SIE,表示 S 态全部中断的使能。如果没有设置这个SIE控制位,那在 S 态是不能正常接受时钟中断的。\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\npub fn init() {\n unsafe {\n extern \"C\" {\n fn __alltraps();\n }\n sscratch::write(0);\n stvec::write(__alltraps as usize, stvec::TrapMode::Direct);\n // 设置 sstatus 的 SIE 位\n sstatus::set_sie();\n }\n println!(\"++++ setup interrupt! ++++\");\n}\n\n响应时钟中断\n让我们来更新 rust_trap 函数来让它能够处理多种不同的中断——当然事到如今也只有三种中断:\n\n使用 ebreak 触发的断点中断;\n使用 ecall 触发的系统调用中断;\n时钟中断。\n\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\nuse riscv::register::{\n scause::{\n self,\n Trap,\n Exception,\n Interrupt\n },\n sepc,\n stvec,\n sscratch,\n sstatus\n};\nuse crate::timer::{\n TICKS,\n clock_set_next_event\n};\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub fn rust_trap(tf: &mut TrapFrame) {\n // 根据中断原因分类讨论\n match tf.scause.cause() {\n // 断点中断\n Trap::Exception(Exception::Breakpoint) => breakpoint(&mut tf.sepc),\n // S态时钟中断\n Trap::Interrupt(Interrupt::SupervisorTimer) => super_timer(),\n _ => panic!(\"undefined trap!\")\n }\n}\n\n// 断点中断处理:输出断点地址并改变中断返回地址防止死循环\nfn breakpoint(sepc: &mut usize) {\n println!(\"a breakpoint set @0x{:x}\", sepc);\n *sepc += 2;\n}\n\n// S态时钟中断处理\nfn super_timer() {\n // 设置下一次时钟中断触发时间\n clock_set_next_event();\n unsafe {\n // 更新时钟中断触发计数\n // 注意由于 TICKS 是 static mut 的\n // 后面会提到,多个线程都能访问这个变量\n // 如果同时进行 +1 操作,会造成计数错误或更多严重bug\n // 因此这是 unsafe 的,不过目前先不用管这个\n TICKS += 1;\n // 每触发 100 次时钟中断将计数清零并输出\n if (TICKS == 100) {\n TICKS = 0;\n println!(\"* 100 ticks *\");\n }\n }\n // 由于一般都是在死循环内触发时钟中断\n // 因此我们同样的指令再执行一次也无妨\n // 因此不必修改 sepc\n}\n\n同时修改主函数 rust_main :\n// src/init.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n crate::interrupt::init();\n // 时钟初始化\n crate::timer::init();\n unsafe {\n asm!(\"ebreak\"::::\"volatile\");\n }\n panic!(\"end of rust_main\");\n loop {}\n}\n\n我们期望能够同时处理断点中断和时钟中断。断点中断会输出断点地址并返回,接下来就是 panic,我们 panic 的处理函数定义如下:\n// src/lang_items.rs\n\n#[panic_handler]\nfn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n println!(\"{}\", info);\n loop {}\n}\n\n就是输出 panic 信息并死循环。我们可以在这个死循环里不断接受并处理时钟中断了。\n最后的结果确实如我们所想:\n\n[success] breakpoint & timer interrupt handling\n++++ setup interrupt! ++++\n++++ setup timer! ++++\na breakpoint set @0x8020002c\npanicked at 'end of rust_main', src/init.rs:11:5\n* 100 ticks *\n* 100 ticks *\n...\n\n\n如果出现问题的话,可以在这里找到目前的代码。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter3/part6.html":{"url":"chapter3/part6.html","title":"总结与展望","keywords":"","body":"总结与展望\n通过本章的学习,我们了解了 riscv 的中断处理机制、相关寄存器与指令。我们知道在中断前后需要恢复上下文环境,用 一个名为中断帧(TrapFrame)的结构体存储了要保存的各寄存器,并用了很大篇幅解释如何通过精巧的汇编代码实现上下文环境保存与恢复机制。最终,我们通过处理断点和时钟中断验证了我们正确实现了中断机制。\n从下章开始,我们介绍操作系统是如何管理我们的内存资源的。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter4/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter4/introduction.html","title":"第四章:内存管理","keywords":"","body":"第四章:内存管理\n本章概要\n本章你将会学到:\n\n物理内存的探测、分配和管理\n内核内部动态分配内存\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter4/part1.html":{"url":"chapter4/part1.html","title":"物理内存探测与管理","keywords":"","body":"物理内存探测与管理\n\n代码\n\n我们知道,物理内存通常是一片 RAM ,我们可以把它看成一个以字节为单位的大数组,通过物理地址找到对应的位置进行读写。但是,物理地址并不仅仅只能访问物理内存,也可以用来访问其他的外设,因此你也可以认为物理内存也算是一种外设。\n这样设计是因为:如果访问其他外设要使用不同的指令(如 x86 单独提供了in, out 指令来访问不同于内存的IO地址空间),会比较麻烦,于是很多 CPU(如 RISC-V,ARM,MIPS 等)通过 MMIO(Memory Mapped I/O) 技术将外设映射到一段物理地址,这样我们访问其他外设就和访问物理内存一样啦!\n我们先不管那些外设,来看物理内存。\n物理内存探测\n操作系统怎样知道物理内存所在的那段物理地址呢?在 RISC-V 中,这个一般是由 bootloader ,即 OpenSBI 来完成的。它来完成对于包括物理内存在内的各外设的扫描,将扫描结果以 DTB(Device Tree Blob) 的格式保存在物理内存中的某个地方。随后 OpenSBI 会将其地址保存在 a1 寄存器中,给我们使用。\n这个扫描结果描述了所有外设的信息,当中也包括 Qemu 模拟的 RISC-V 计算机中的物理内存。\n\n[info] Qemu 模拟的 RISC-V virt 计算机中的物理内存\n通过查看virt.c的virt_memmap[]的定义,可以了解到 Qemu 模拟的 RISC-V virt 计算机的详细物理内存布局。可以看到,整个物理内存中有不少内存空洞(即含义为unmapped的地址空间),也有很多外设特定的地址空间,现在我们看不懂没有关系,后面会慢慢涉及到。目前只需关心最后一块含义为DRAM的地址空间,这就是 OS 将要管理的 128MB 的内存空间。\n\n\n\n起始地址\n终止地址\n含义\n\n\n\n\n0x0\n0x100\nQEMU VIRT_DEBUG\n\n\n0x100\n0x1000\nunmapped\n\n\n0x1000\n0x12000\nQEMU MROM (包括 hard-coded reset vector; device tree)\n\n\n0x12000\n0x100000\nunmapped\n\n\n0x100000\n0x101000\nQEMU VIRT_TEST\n\n\n0x101000\n0x2000000\nunmapped\n\n\n0x2000000\n0x2010000\nQEMU VIRT_CLINT\n\n\n0x2010000\n0x3000000\nunmapped\n\n\n0x3000000\n0x3010000\nQEMU VIRT_PCIE_PIO\n\n\n0x3010000\n0xc000000\nunmapped\n\n\n0xc000000\n0x10000000\nQEMU VIRT_PLIC\n\n\n0x10000000\n0x10000100\nQEMU VIRT_UART0\n\n\n0x10000100\n0x10001000\nunmapped\n\n\n0x10001000\n0x10002000\nQEMU VIRT_VIRTIO\n\n\n0x10002000\n0x20000000\nunmapped\n\n\n0x20000000\n0x24000000\nQEMU VIRT_FLASH\n\n\n0x24000000\n0x30000000\nunmapped\n\n\n0x30000000\n0x40000000\nQEMU VIRT_PCIE_ECAM\n\n\n0x40000000\n0x80000000\nQEMU VIRT_PCIE_MMIO\n\n\n0x80000000\n0x88000000\nDRAM 缺省 128MB,大小可配置\n\n\n\n\n不过为了简单起见,我们并不打算自己去解析这个结果。因为我们知道,Qemu 规定的 DRAM 物理内存的起始物理地址为 0x80000000 。而在 Qemu 中,可以使用 -m 指定 RAM 的大小,默认是 128MiB128\\text{MiB}128MiB 。因此,默认的 DRAM 物理内存地址范围就是 [0x80000000,0x88000000) 。我们直接将 DRAM 物理内存结束地址硬编码到内核中:\n// src/lib.rs\n\nmod consts;\n\n// src/consts.rs\n\npub const PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END: usize = 0x88000000;\n\n但是,有一部分 DRAM 空间已经被占用,不能用来存别的东西了!\n\n物理地址空间 [0x80000000,0x80200000) 被 OpenSBI 占用;\n物理地址空间 [0x80200000,KernelEnd) 被内核各代码与数据段占用;\n其实设备树扫描结果 DTB 还占用了一部分物理内存,不过由于我们不打算使用它,所以可以将它所占用的空间用来存别的东西。\n\n于是,我们可以用来存别的东西的物理内存的物理地址范围是:[KernelEnd, 0x88000000) 。这里的 KernelEnd​ 为内核代码结尾的物理地址。在 linker64.ld 中定义的 end 符号为内核代码结尾的虚拟地址,我们需要通过偏移量来将其转化为物理地址。\n我们来将可用的物理内存地址范围打印出来:\n// src/consts.rs\n\npub const KERNEL_BEGIN_PADDR: usize = 0x80200000;\npub const KERNEL_BEGIN_VADDR: usize = 0x80200000;\n\n// src/init.rs\n\nuse crate::consts::*;\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n extern \"C\" {\n fn end();\n }\n println!(\n \"free physical memory paddr = [{:#x}, {:#x})\",\n end as usize - KERNEL_BEGIN_VADDR + KERNEL_BEGIN_PADDR,\n PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END\n );\n crate::interrupt::init();\n crate::timer::init();\n loop {}\n}\n\n\n[success] 可用物理内存地址 \nfree physical memory paddr = [0x8020b000, 0x88000000)\n\n物理页帧与物理页号\n通常,我们在分配物理内存时并不是以字节为单位,而是以一物理页帧(Frame),即连续的 212=40962^{12}=40962​12​​=4096 字节为单位分配。我们希望用物理页号(Physical Page Number, PPN) 来代表一物理页,实际上代表物理地址范围在 [PPN×212,(PPN+1)×212)[\\text{PPN}\\times 2^{12},(\\text{PPN}+1)\\times 2^{12})[PPN×2​12​​,(PPN+1)×2​12​​) 的一物理页。\n不难看出,物理页号与物理页形成一一映射。为了能够使用物理页号这种表达方式,每个物理页的开头地址必须是 212=40962^{12}=40962​12​​=4096 的倍数。但这也给了我们一个方便:对于一个物理地址,其除以 409640964096 (或者说右移 $12$ 位) 的商即为这个物理地址所在的物理页号。\n以这种方式,我们看一下可用物理内存的物理页号表达。将 init.rs 中的输出语句略做改动:\n// src/init.rs\n\nprintln!(\n \"free physical memory ppn = [{:#x}, {:#x})\",\n ((end as usize - KERNEL_BEGIN_VADDR + KERNEL_BEGIN_PADDR) >> 12) + 1,\n PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END >> 12\n);\n\n\n[success] 可用物理页号区间\nfree physical memory ppn = [0x8020c, 0x88000)\n\n物理内存页式管理\n对于物理内存的页式管理而言,我们所要支持的操作是:\n\n分配一个物理页,返回其物理页号;\n给定一个物理页号,回收其对应的物理页。\n给定一个页号区间进行初始化。\n\n我们考虑用一颗非递归线段树来维护这些操作。节点上的值存的是 0/10/10/1 表示这个节点对应的区间内是否还有空闲物理页(0=空闲,1=被占用)。\n// src/const.rs\n\npub const MAX_PHYSICAL_MEMORY: usize = 0x8000000;\npub const MAX_PHYSICAL_PAGES: usize = MAX_PHYSICAL_MEMORY >> 12;\n\n// src/lib.rs\n\nmod memory;\n\n// src/memory/mod.rs\n\nmod frame_allocator;\n\n// src/memory/frame_allocator.rs\n\nuse crate::consts::MAX_PHYSICAL_PAGES;\n\npub struct SegmentTreeAllocator {\n a: [u8; MAX_PHYSICAL_PAGES usize {\n // assume that we never run out of physical memory\n if self.a[1] == 1 {\n panic!(\"physical memory depleted!\");\n }\n let mut p = 1;\n while p >= 1;\n while p > 0 {\n self.a[p] = self.a[p >= 1;\n }\n result\n }\n // 回收物理页号为 n 的物理页\n // 自下而上进行更新\n pub fn dealloc(&mut self, n: usize) {\n let mut p = n + self.m - self.offset;\n assert!(self.a[p] == 1);\n self.a[p] = 0;\n p >>= 1;\n while p > 0 {\n self.a[p] = self.a[p >= 1;\n }\n }\n}\n\n事实上每次分配的是可用的物理页号最小的页面,具体实现方面就不赘述了。\n我们还需要将这个类实例化并声明为 static ,因为它在整个程序 运行过程当中均有效。\n// os/Cargo.toml\n\n[dependencies]\nspin = \"0.5.2\"\n\n// src/memory/frame_allocator.rs\n\nuse spin::Mutex;\n\npub static SEGMENT_TREE_ALLOCATOR: Mutex = Mutex::new(SegmentTreeAllocator {\n a: [0; MAX_PHYSICAL_PAGES \n我们注意到在内核中开了一块比较大的静态内存,a 数组。那么 a 数组究竟有多大呢?实际上 a 数组的大小为最大可能物理页数的二倍,因此 a 数组大小仅为物理内存大小的 1212×2≃0.05%\\frac{1}{2^{12}}\\times 2\\simeq 0.05\\%​2​12​​​​1​​×2≃0.05%,可说是微乎其微。\n我们本来想把 SEGMENT_TREE_ALLOCATOR 声明为 static mut 类型,这是因为首先它需要是 static 类型的;其次,它的三个方法 init, alloc, dealloc 都需要修改自身。\n但是,对于 static mut 类型的修改操作是 unsafe 的。我们之后会提到线程的概念,对于 static 类型的静态数据,所有的线程都能访问。当一个线程正在访问这段数据的时候,如果另一个线程也来访问,就可能会产生冲突,并带来难以预测的结果。\n所以我们的方法是使用 spin::Mutex 给这段数据加一把锁,一个线程试图通过 .lock() 打开锁来获取内部数据的可变引用,如果钥匙被别的线程所占用,那么这个线程就会一直卡在这里;直到那个占用了钥匙的线程对内部数据的访问结束,锁被释放,将钥匙交还出来,被卡住的那个线程拿到了钥匙,就可打开锁获取内部引用,访问内部数据。\n这里使用的是 spin::Mutex , 我们在 Cargo.toml 中添加依赖。幸运的是,它也无需任何操作系统支持(即支持 no_std),我们可以放心使用。\n我们在 src/memory/mod.rs 里面再对这个类包装一下:\n// src/memory/mod.rs\n\nuse frame_allocator::SEGMENT_TREE_ALLOCATOR as FRAME_ALLOCATOR;\nuse riscv::addr::{\n // 分别为虚拟地址、物理地址、虚拟页、物理页帧\n // 非常方便,之后会经常用到\n // 用法可参见 https://github.com/rcore-os/riscv/blob/master/src/addr.rs\n VirtAddr,\n PhysAddr,\n Page,\n Frame\n};\n\npub fn init(l: usize, r: usize) {\n FRAME_ALLOCATOR.lock().init(l, r);\n println!(\"++++ setup memory! ++++\");\n}\npub fn alloc_frame() -> Option {\n //将物理页号转为物理页帧\n Some(Frame::of_ppn(FRAME_ALLOCATOR.lock().alloc()))\n}\npub fn dealloc_frame(f: Frame) {\n FRAME_ALLOCATOR.lock().dealloc(f.number())\n}\n\n现在我们来测试一下它是否能够很好的完成物理页分配与回收:\n// src/init.rs\n\nuse crate::memory::{\n alloc_frame,\n dealloc_frame\n};\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n extern \"C\" {\n fn end();\n }\n println!(\"kernel end vaddr = {:#x}\", end as usize);\n println!(\n \"free physical memory ppn = [{:#x}, {:#x})\",\n ((end as usize - KERNEL_BEGIN_VADDR + KERNEL_BEGIN_PADDR) >> 12) + 1,\n PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END >> 12\n );\n crate::interrupt::init();\n\n crate::memory::init(\n ((end as usize - KERNEL_BEGIN_VADDR + KERNEL_BEGIN_PADDR) >> 12) + 1,\n PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END >> 12\n );\n frame_allocating_test();\n crate::timer::init();\n\n unsafe {\n asm!(\"ebreak\"::::\"volatile\");\n }\n panic!(\"end of rust_main\");\n loop {}\n}\n\nfn frame_allocating_test() {\n println!(\"alloc {:x?}\", alloc_frame());\n let f = alloc_frame();\n println!(\"alloc {:x?}\", f);\n println!(\"alloc {:x?}\", alloc_frame());\n println!(\"dealloc {:x?}\", f);\n dealloc_frame(f.unwrap());\n println!(\"alloc {:x?}\", alloc_frame());\n println!(\"alloc {:x?}\", alloc_frame());\n}\n\n我们尝试在分配的过程中回收,之后再进行分配,结果如何呢?\n\n[success] 物理页分配与回收测试\nfree physical memory paddr = [0x8021f020, 0x88000000)\nfree physical memory ppn = [0x80220, 0x88000)\n++++ setup interrupt! ++++\n++++ setup timer! ++++\n++++ setup memory! ++++\nalloc Some(Frame(PhysAddr(80220000)))\nalloc Some(Frame(PhysAddr(80221000)))\nalloc Some(Frame(PhysAddr(80222000)))\ndealloc Some(Frame(PhysAddr(80221000)))\nalloc Some(Frame(PhysAddr(80221000)))\nalloc Some(Frame(PhysAddr(80223000)))\n* 100 ticks *\n* 100 ticks *\n...\n\n\n我们回收的页面接下来马上就又被分配出去了。\n如果结果有问题的话,在这里能找到现有的代码。\n不过,这种物理内存分配给人一种过家家的感觉。无论表面上分配、回收做得怎样井井有条,实际上都并没有对物理内存产生任何影响!不要着急,我们之后会使用它们的。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter4/part2.html":{"url":"chapter4/part2.html","title":"动态内存分配","keywords":"","body":"动态内存分配\n\n代码\n\n我们之前在 C/C++ 语言中使用过 new, malloc 等动态内存分配方法,与在编译期就已完成的静态内存分配相比,动态内存分配可以根据程序运行时状态修改内存申请的时机及大小,显得更为灵活,但是这是需要操作系统的支持的,会带来一些开销。\n我们的内核中也需要动态内存分配。典型的应用场景有:\n\nBox ,你可以理解为它和 new, malloc 有着相同的功能;\n引用计数 Rc , 原子引用计数 Arc ,主要用于在引用计数清零,即某对象不再被引用时,对该对象进行自动回收;\n一些数据结构,如 Vec, HashMap 等。\n\n为了在我们的内核中支持动态内存分配,在 Rust 语言中,我们需要实现 Trait GlobalAlloc ,将这个类实例化,并使用语义项 #[global_allocator] 进行标记。这样的话,编译器就会知道如何进行动态内存分配。\n为了实现 Trait GlobalAlloc ,我们需要支持这么两个函数:\nunsafe fn alloc(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8;\nunsafe fn dealloc(&self, ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout);\n\n可见我们要分配/回收一块虚拟内存。\n那么这里面的 Layout 又是什么呢?从文档中可以找到,它有两个字段: size 表示要分配的字节数,align 则表示分配的虚拟地址的最小对齐要求,即分配的地址要求是 align 的倍数。这里的 align 必须是 222 的幂次。\n也就表示,我们的需求是分配一块连续的、大小至少为 size 字节的虚拟内存,且对齐要求为 align 。\n连续内存分配算法\n假设我们已经有一整块虚拟内存用来分配,那么如何进行分配呢?\n我们可能会想到一些简单粗暴的方法,比如对于一个分配任务,贪心地将其分配到可行的最小地址去。这样一直分配下去的话,我们分配出去的内存都是连续的,看上去很合理的利用了内存。\n但是一旦涉及到回收的话,设想我们在连续分配出去的很多块内存中间突然回收掉一块,它虽然是可用的,但是由于上下两边都已经被分配出去,它就只有这么大而不能再被拓展了,这种可用的内存我们称之为外碎片。\n随着不断回收会产生越来越多的碎片,某个时刻我们可能会发现,需要分配一块较大的内存,几个碎片加起来大小是足够的,但是单个碎片是不够的。我们会想到通过碎片整理将几个碎片合并起来。但是这个过程的开销极大。\n* buddy system 算法简介\n这一节将介绍连续内存分配算法 buddy system 的实现细节与讨论,不感兴趣的读者可以跳过这一节。\n假设这一整块虚拟内存的大小是 222 的幂次,我们可以使用一种叫做 buddy system 的连续内存分配算法。其本质在于,每次分配的时候都恰好分配一块大小是 222 的幂次的内存,且要保证内存的开头地址需要是对齐的,也就是内存的开头地址需要是这块内存大小的倍数。\n只分配大小为 222 的幂次的内存,意味着如果需要一块大小为 65KiB65\\text{KiB}65KiB 内存,我们都只能给它分配一块 128KiB128\\text{KiB}128KiB 的内存,这其中有 63KiB63\\text{KiB}63KiB 我们没有使用但又没法再被分配出去,这种我们称之为内碎片。虽然也会产生一定的浪费,但是相比外碎片,它是可控且易于管理的。\n如伙伴分配器的一个极简实现所说,我们可以使用一颗线段树很容易地实现这个算法。我们只需在每个线段树节点上存当前区间上所能够分配的最大 222 的幂次的内存大小 mmm。\n\n分配时,为了尽可能满足分配的对齐需求,我们先尝试右子树,再尝试左子树,直到找到一个节点满足这个区间整体未分配,且它的左右子区间都不够分配,就将这个区间整体分配出去,将当前区间的 mmm 值改为 000 ;\n之后自下而上进行 mmm 值的更新,pa.m←max{ls.m,rs.m}\\text{pa}.m\\leftarrow \\max\\{\\text{ls}.m,\\text{rs}.m\\}pa.m←max{ls.m,rs.m} 。但有一个特例,如果左右区间均完全没有被分配,则 pa.m←ls.m+rs.m\\text{pa}.m\\leftarrow \\text{ls}.m + \\text{rs}.mpa.m←ls.m+rs.m , 即将两个区间合并成一个更大的区间以供分配。\n回收时只需找到分配时的那个节点,将其 mmm 值改回去,同时同样自下而上进行 mmm 值更新即可。从更新逻辑可以看出,我们实现了对于回收内存进行合并。\n\n这样的实现虽然比较简单,但是内存消耗较大。为了减少内存消耗,我们不存 mmm ,而用一个 u8 存 log2m\\log_2 mlog​2​​m ,但是整颗线段树仍需要消耗虚拟内存大小 222 倍的内存!因此,等于要占用 333 倍的内存,才能有一块虚拟内存用来连续分配,这会导致我们的内核及其臃肿。\n有些实现规定了最小分配块大小,比如说是 888 字节 ,这样我们只需总共占用 1.251.251.25 倍的内存就能有一块虚拟内存用于分配了!在我们 646464 位的环境下,哪怕分配一个智能指针也需要 888 字节,看上去挺合理的。还有一些其他方法,比如把底层换成 Bitmap 等卡常数手段...\n简单的思考一下,实现简便与内存节约不可兼得啊...\n支持动态内存分配\n我们这里直接用学长写好的 buddy system allocator。\n// Cargo.toml\n\n[dependencies]\nbuddy_system_allocator = \"0.3\"\n\n// src/lib.rs\n\n#![feature(alloc_error_handler)]\n\nextern crate alloc;\n\n// src/consts.rs\n\n// 内核堆大小为8MiB\npub const KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE: usize = 0x800000;\n\n// src/memory/mod.rs\n\nuse crate::consts::*;\nuse buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n\npub fn init(l: usize, r: usize) {\n FRAME_ALLOCATOR.lock().init(l, r);\n init_heap();\n println!(\"++++ setup memory! ++++\");\n}\n\nfn init_heap() {\n // 同样是在内核中开一块静态内存供 buddy system allocator 使用\n static mut HEAP: [u8; KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE] = [0; KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE];\n unsafe {\n // 这里我们也需要先开锁,才能进行操作\n DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR\n .lock()\n .init(HEAP.as_ptr() as usize, KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE);\n }\n}\n\n#[global_allocator]\nstatic DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap = LockedHeap::empty();\n\n#[alloc_error_handler]\nfn alloc_error_handler(_: core::alloc::Layout) -> ! {\n panic!(\"alloc_error_handler do nothing but panic!\");\n}\n\n动态内存分配测试\n现在我们来测试一下动态内存分配是否有效,分别动态分配一个整数和一个数组:\n// src/init.rs\n\nfn dynamic_allocating_test() {\n use alloc::vec::Vec;\n use alloc::boxed::Box;\n\n extern \"C\" {\n fn sbss();\n fn ebss();\n }\n let lbss = sbss as usize;\n let rbss = ebss as usize;\n\n let heap_value = Box::new(5);\n assert!(*heap_value == 5);\n println!(\"heap_value assertion successfully!\");\n println!(\"heap_value is at {:p}\", heap_value);\n let heap_value_addr = &*heap_value as *const _ as usize;\n assert!(heap_value_addr >= lbss && heap_value_addr = lbss && vec_addr \nmake run 看一下结果:\n\n[success] 动态内存分配测试\nheap_value assertion successfully!\nheap_value is at 0x80a10000\nheap_value is in section .bss!\nvec assertion successfully!\nvec is at 0x80211000\nvec is in section .bss!\n\n\n我们可以发现这些动态分配的变量可以使用了。而且通过查看它们的地址我们发现它们都在 .bss\\text{.bss}.bss 段里面。这是因为提供给动态内存分配器的那块内存就在 .bss\\text{.bss}.bss 段里面啊。\n如果结果不太对劲,可以在这里查看现有的代码。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter4/part3.html":{"url":"chapter4/part3.html","title":"总结与展望","keywords":"","body":"总结与展望\n本章我们介绍了物理内存管理:即物理页帧分配、回收;以及内核内部的动态内存分配,在 .bss\\text{.bss}.bss 端上一段预留的内存上进行。后面各章都会使用到这两个工具。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter5/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter5/introduction.html","title":"第五章:内存虚拟化","keywords":"","body":"第五章:内存虚拟化\n本章你将会学到:\n\n虚拟内存和物理内存的概念\n如何使用页表完成虚拟地址到物理地址的映射\n解释内核初始映射,进行内核重映射\n\n代码可以在这里找到。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter5/part1.html":{"url":"chapter5/part1.html","title":"页表:从虚拟内存到物理内存","keywords":"","body":"页表:从虚拟内存到物理内存\n回顾第二章,我们曾提到使用了一种“魔法”之后,内核就可以像一个普通的程序一样运行了,它按照我们设定的内存布局决定代码和数据存放的位置,跳转到入口点开始运行...当然,别忘了,在 646464 位寻址空间下,你需要一块 大小为2642^{64}2​64​​ 字节即 224TiB2^{24}\\text{TiB}2​24​​TiB的内存!\n现实中一块这么大的内存当然不存在,因此我们称它为虚拟内存。我们知道,实际上内核的代码和数据都存放在物理内存上,而 CPU 只能通过物理地址来访问它。\n因此,当我们在程序中通过虚拟地址假想着自己在访问一块虚拟内存的时候,需要有一种机制,将虚拟地址转化为物理地址,交给 CPU 来根据它到物理内存上进行实打实的访问。而这种将虚拟地址转化为物理地址的机制,在 riscv64 中是通过页表来实现的。\n\n[info]地址的简单解释\n物理地址:物理地址就是内存单元的绝对地址,比如一个 128MB 的 DRAM 内存条插在计算机上,物理地址 0x0000 就表示内存条的第 1 个存储单元,0x0010 就表示内存条的第 17 个存储单元,不管 CPU 内部怎么处理内存地址,最终访问的都是内存单元的物理地址。\n虚拟地址:虚拟地址是操作系统给运行在用户态的应用程序看到的假地址,每一个虚拟地址,如果有一个对应的物理地址,那么就是一个合法的虚拟地址,应用程序实际访问的是其对应的物理地址;否则就是一个非法的虚拟地址。一旦应用程序访问非法的虚拟地址,CPU 当然就会产生异常了。一旦出现这样的异常,操作系统就会及时进行处理,甚至是杀死掉这个应用程序。虚拟地址与物理地址的对应关系,一般是通过页表来实现。\n\n虚拟地址和物理地址\n\n在本教程中,我们选用 Sv39 作为页表的实现。\n在 Sv39 中,定义物理地址(Physical Address)有 565656 位,而虚拟地址(Virtual Address) 有 646464 位。虽然虚拟地址有 646464 位,只有低 393939 位有效。不过这不是说高 252525 位可以随意取值,规定 63−3963-3963−39 位的值必须等于第 383838 位的值,否则会认为该虚拟地址不合法,在访问时会产生异常。\nSv39 同样是基于页的,在物理内存那一节曾经提到物理页帧(Frame) 与物理页号(PPN, Physical Page Number) 。在这里物理页号为 444444 位,每个物理页帧大小 212=40962^{12}=40962​12​​=4096 字节,即 4KiB4\\text{KiB}4KiB。同理,我们对于虚拟内存定义虚拟页(Page) 以及虚拟页号(VPN, Virtual Page Number) 。在这里虚拟页号为 272727 位,每个虚拟页大小也为 212=40962^{12}=40962​12​​=4096 字节。物理地址和虚拟地址的最后 121212 位都表示页内偏移,即表示该地址在所在物理页帧(虚拟页)上的什么位置。\n虚拟地址到物理地址的映射以页为单位,也就是说把虚拟地址所在的虚拟页映射到一个物理页帧,然后再在这个物理页帧上根据页内偏移找到物理地址,从而完成映射。我们要实现虚拟页到物理页帧的映射,由于虚拟页与虚拟页号一一对应,物理页帧与物理页号一一对应,本质上我们要实现虚拟页号到物理页号的映射,而这就是页表所做的事情。\n页表项\n\n一个页表项 (PTE, Page Table Entry)是用来描述一个虚拟页号如何映射到物理页号的。如果一个虚拟页号通过某种手段找到了一个页表项,并通过读取上面的物理页号完成映射,我们称这个虚拟页号通过该页表项完成映射。\n我们可以看到 Sv39 里面的一个页表项大小为 646464 位 888 字节。其中第 53−1053-1053−10 共 444444 位为一个物理页号,表示这个虚拟页号映射到的物理页号。后面的第 9−09-09−0 位则描述映射的状态信息。\n\nV\\text{V}V 表示这个页表项是否合法。如果为 000 表示不合法,此时页表项其他位的值都会被忽略。\n\nR,W,X\\text{R,W,X}R,W,X 为许可位,分别表示是否可读 (Readable),可写 (Writable),可执行 (Executable)。\n以 W\\text{W}W 这一位为例,如果 W=0\\text{W}=0W=0 表示不可写,那么如果一条 store 的指令,它通过这个页表项完成了虚拟页号到物理页号的映射,找到了物理地址。但是仍然会报出异常,是因为这个页表项规定如果物理地址是通过它映射得到的,那么不准写入!R,X\\text{R,X}R,X 也是同样的道理。\n根据 R,W,X\\text{R,W,X}R,W,X 取值的不同,我们可以分成下面几种类型:\n\n如果 R,W,X\\text{R,W,X}R,W,X 均为 000 ,文档上说这表示这个页表项指向下一级页表,我们先暂时记住就好。\n\nU\\text{U}U 为 111 表示用户态 (U Mode) 可以通过该页表项进行映射。事实上用户态也只能够通过 U=1\\text{U}=1U=1 的页表项进行虚实地址映射。\n然而,我们所处在的 S Mode 也并不是理所当然的可以通过这些 U=1\\text{U}=1U=1 的页表项进行映射。我们需要将 S Mode 的状态寄存器 sstatus 上的 SUM\\text{SUM}SUM 位手动设置为 111 才可以做到这一点。否则通过 U=1\\text{U}=1U=1 的页表项进行映射也会报出异常。\n\nA\\text{A}A,即 Accessed,如果 A=1\\text{A}=1A=1 表示自从上次 A\\text{A}A 被清零后,有虚拟地址通过这个页表项进行读、或者写、或者取指。\nD\\text{D}D ,即 Dirty ,如果 D=1\\text{D}=1D=1 表示自从上次 D\\text{D}D 被清零后,有虚拟地址通过这个页表项进行写入。\n\nRSW\\text{RSW}RSW 两位留给 S Mode 的应用程序,我们可以用来进行拓展。\n\n\n多级页表\n一个虚拟页号要通过某种手段找到页表项...那么要怎么才能找到呢?\n想一种最为简单粗暴的方法,在物理内存中开一个大数组作为页表,把所有虚拟页号对应的页表项都存下来。在找的时候根据虚拟页号来索引页表项。即,加上大数组开头的物理地址为 aaa ,虚拟页号为 VPN\\text{VPN}VPN ,则该虚拟页号对应的页表项的物理地址为 a+VPN×8a+\\text{VPN}\\times 8a+VPN×8 (我们知道每个页表项 888 字节)。\n但是这样会花掉我们 227×8=2302^{27}\\times 8=2^{30}2​27​​×8=2​30​​ 字节即 1GiB1\\text{GiB}1GiB 的内存!不说我们目前只有可怜的 128MiB128\\text{MiB}128MiB 内存,即使我们有足够的内存也不应该这样去浪费。这是由于有很多虚拟地址我们根本没有用到,因此他们对应的虚拟页号不需要映射,我们开了很多无用的内存。\n事实上,在 Sv39 中我们采用三级页表,即将 272727 位的虚拟页号分为三个等长的部分,第 26−1826-1826−18 位为三级索引 VPN[2]\\text{VPN}[2]VPN[2],第 17−917-917−9 位为二级索引 VPN[1]\\text{VPN}[1]VPN[1],第 8−08-08−0 位为一级索引 VPN[0]\\text{VPN}[0]VPN[0]。\n我们也将页表分为三级页表,二级页表,一级页表。每个页表都是 999 位索引的,因此有 29=5122^{9}=5122​9​​=512 个页表项,而每个页表项都是 888 字节,因此每个页表大小都为 512×8=4KiB512\\times 8=4\\text{KiB}512×8=4KiB。正好是一个物理页帧的大小。我们可以把一个页表放到一个物理页帧中,并用一个物理页号来描述它。事实上,三级页表的每个页表项中的物理页号描述一个二级页表;二级页表的每个页表项中的物理页号描述一个一级页表;一级页表中的页表项则和我们刚才提到的页表项一样,物理页号描述一个要映射到的物理页帧。\n具体来说,假设我们有虚拟页号 (VPN[2],VPN[1],VPN[0])(\\text{VPN}[2],\\text{VPN}[1],\\text{VPN}[0])(VPN[2],VPN[1],VPN[0]) ,设三级页表的物理页号为 PPN3\\text{PPN}_3PPN​3​​ ,那么将其映射到物理页号的流程如下:\n\n索引控制虚拟页号范围在 (VPN[2],Any,Any)(\\text{VPN}[2],\\text{Any},\\text{Any})(VPN[2],Any,Any) 的三级页表项,其地址为 PPN3×212+VPN[2]×8\\text{PPN}_3 \\times 2^{12}+ \\text{VPN}[2] \\times 8PPN​3​​×2​12​​+VPN[2]×8 。从这个页表项里读出二级页表的物理页号 PPN2\\text{PPN}_2PPN​2​​ 。\n索引控制虚拟页号范围在 (VPN[2],VPN[1],Any)(\\text{VPN}[2],\\text{VPN}[1],\\text{Any})(VPN[2],VPN[1],Any) 的二级页表项,其地址为 PPN2×212+VPN[1]×8\\text{PPN}_2\\times 2^{12}+\\text{VPN}[1]\\times 8PPN​2​​×2​12​​+VPN[1]×8 。从这个页表项里读出一级页表的物理页号 PPN1\\text{PPN}_1PPN​1​​ 。\n索引控制虚拟页号范围在 (VPN[2],VPN[1],VPN[0])(\\text{VPN}[2],\\text{VPN}[1],\\text{VPN}[0])(VPN[2],VPN[1],VPN[0]) 的一级页表项,其地址为 PPN1×212+VPN[0]×8\\text{PPN}_1\\times 2^{12}+\\text{VPN}[0]\\times 8PPN​1​​×2​12​​+VPN[0]×8。可以看出一级页表项只控制一个虚拟页号,因此从这个页表项中读出来的物理页号,就是虚拟页号 (VPN[2],VPN[1],VPN[0])(\\text{VPN}[2],\\text{VPN}[1],\\text{VPN}[0])(VPN[2],VPN[1],VPN[0]) 所要映射到的物理页号。\n\n上述流程如下图所示。\n\n我们通过这种复杂的手段,终于从虚拟页号找到了一级页表项,从而得出了物理页号。刚才我们提到若页表项满足 R,W,X=0\\text{R,W,X}=0R,W,X=0 ,表明这个页表项指向下一级页表。在这里三级和二级页表项的 R,W,X=0\\text{R,W,X}=0R,W,X=0 应该成立,因为它们指向了下一级页表。\n然而三级和二级页表项不一定要指向下一级页表。我们知道每个一级页表项控制一个虚拟页号,即控制 4KiB4\\text{KiB}4KiB 虚拟内存;每个二级页表项则控制 999 位虚拟页号,总计控制 4KiB×29=2MiB4\\text{KiB}\\times 2^9=2\\text{MiB}4KiB×2​9​​=2MiB 虚拟内存;每个三级页表项控制 181818 位虚拟页号,总计控制 2MiB×29=1GiB2\\text{MiB}\\times 2^9=1\\text{GiB}2MiB×2​9​​=1GiB 虚拟内存。我们可以将二级页表项的 R,W,X\\text{R,W,X}R,W,X 设置为不是全 000 的许可要求,那么它将与一级页表项类似,只不过可以映射一个 2MiB2\\text{MiB}2MiB 的大页 (Huge Page) 。同理,也可以将三级页表项看作一个叶子,来映射一个 1GiB1\\text{GiB}1GiB 的超大页。\n如果不考虑大页的情况,对于每个要映射的虚拟页号,我们最多只需要分配三级页表,二级页表,一级页表三个物理页帧来完成映射,可以做到需要多少就花费多少。\n页表基址\n页表的基址(起始地址)一般会保存在一个特殊的寄存器中。在 RISC-V 中,这个特殊的寄存器就是页表寄存器 satp。\n\n我们使用寄存器 satp 来控制 CPU 进行页表映射。\n\nMODE\\text{MODE}MODE 控制 CPU 使用哪种页表实现,我们只需将 MODE\\text{MODE}MODE 设置为 888 即表示 CPU 使用 Sv39 。\nASID\\text{ASID}ASID 我们先不用管。\nPPN\\text{PPN}PPN 存的是三级页表所在的物理页号。这样,给定一个虚拟页号,CPU 就可以从三级页表开始一步步的将其映射到一个物理页号。\n\n于是,OS 可以在内存中为不同的应用分别建立不同虚实映射的页表,并通过修改寄存器 satp 的值指向不同的页表,从而可以修改 CPU 虚实地址映射关系及内存保护的行为。然而,仅仅这样做是不够的。\n快表(TLB)\n我们知道,物理内存的访问速度要比 CPU 的运行速度慢很多。如果我们按照页表机制循规蹈矩的一步步走,将一个虚拟地址转化为物理地址需要访问 333 次物理内存,然后得到物理地址还需要再访问一次物理内存,才能完成访存。这无疑很大程度上降低了效率。\n事实上,实践表明虚拟地址的访问具有时间局部性和空间局部性。\n\n时间局部性是指,被访问过一次的地址很有可能不远的将来再次被访问;\n空间局部性是指,如果一个地址被访问,则这个地址附近的地址很有可能在不远的将来被访问。\n\n因此,在 CPU 内部,我们使用快表 (TLB, Translation Lookaside Buffer) 来记录近期已完成的虚拟页号到物理页号的映射。不懂 CPU 的内部构造?那先回头学习一下计算机组成原理这门课吧。由于局部性,当我们要做一个映射时,会有很大可能这个映射在近期被完成过,所以我们可以先到 TLB 里面去查一下,如果有的话我们就可以直接完成映射,而不用访问那么多次内存了。\n但是,我们如果修改了 satp 寄存器,比如将上面的 PPN\\text{PPN}PPN 字段进行了修改,说明我们切换到了一个与先前映射方式完全不同的页表。此时快表里面存储的映射结果就跟不上时代了,很可能是错误的。这种情况下我们要使用 sfence.vma 指令刷新整个 TLB 。\n同样,我们手动修改一个页表项之后,也修改了映射,但 TLB 并不会自动刷新,我们也需要使用 sfence.vma 指令刷新 TLB 。如果不加参数的, sfence.vma 会刷新整个 TLB 。你可以在后面加上一个虚拟地址,这样 sfence.vma 只会刷新这个虚拟地址的映射。\n小结\n这一节我们终于大概讲清楚了页表的前因后果,现在是时候应用这一套理论说明之前的所谓“魔法”到底是怎么一回事了!\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter5/part2.html":{"url":"chapter5/part2.html","title":"内核初始映射","keywords":"","body":"“魔法”——内核初始映射\n\n代码\n\n让我们回顾一下在相当于 bootloader 的 OpenSBI 结束后,我们要面对的是怎样一种局面:\n\n物理内存状态:OpenSBI 代码放在 [0x80000000,0x80200000) 中,内核代码放在以 0x80200000 开头的一块连续物理内存中。\nCPU 状态:处于 S Mode ,寄存器 satp 的 MODE\\text{MODE}MODE 被设置为 Bare ,即无论取指还是访存我们通过物理地址直接访问物理内存。 PC=0x80200000\\text{PC}=0\\text{x}80200000PC=0x80200000 指向内核的第一条指令。栈顶地址 SP\\text{SP}SP 处在 OpenSBI 代码内。\n内核代码:使用虚拟地址,代码和数据段均放在以虚拟地址 0xffffffffc0200000开头的一段连续虚拟内存中。\n我们所要做的事情:将 SP\\text{SP}SP 寄存器指向的栈空间从 OpenSBI 某处移到我们的内核定义的某块内存区域中,使得我们可以完全支配启动栈;同时需要跳转到函数 rust_main 中。\n\n我们已经在 src/boot/entry64.asm 中自己分配了一块 16KiB16\\text{KiB}16KiB 的内存用来做启动栈:\n# src/boot/entry64.asm\n\n .section .bss.stack\n .align 12\n .global bootstack\nbootstack:\n .space 4096 * 4\n .global bootstacktop\nbootstacktop:\n\n符号 bootstacktop 就是我们需要的栈顶地址!同样符号 rust_main 也代表了我们要跳转到的地址。直接将 bootstacktop 的值给到 SP\\text{SP}SP, 再跳转到 rust_main 就行了吗?\n问题在于,编译器和链接器认为程序在虚拟内存空间中运行,因此这两个符号都会被翻译成虚拟地址。而我们的 CPU 目前处于 Bare 模式,会将地址都当成物理地址处理。这样,我们跳转到 rust_main 就会跳转到 0xffffffffc0200000+ 的一个物理地址,物理地址都没有这么多位!这显然是会出问题的。\n观察可以发现,同样的一条指令,其在虚拟内存空间中的虚拟地址与其在物理内存中的物理地址有着一个固定的偏移量。比如内核的第一条指令,虚拟地址为 0xffffffffc0200000 ,物理地址为 0x80200000 ,因此,我们只要将虚拟地址减去 0xffffffff40000000 ,就得到了物理地址。\n使用上一节页表的知识,我们只需要做到当访问内核里面的一个虚拟地址 va\\text{va}va 时,我们知道 va\\text{va}va 处的代码或数据放在物理地址为 pa = va - 0xffffffff40000000 处的物理内存中,我们真正所要做的是要让 CPU 去访问 pa\\text{pa} pa。因此,我们要通过恰当构造页表,来对于内核所属的虚拟地址,实现这种 va→pa\\text{va}\\rightarrow\\text{pa}va→pa 的映射。\n我们先使用一种最简单的页表构造方法,还记得上一节中所讲的大页吗?那时我们提到,将一个三级页表项的标志位 R,W,X\\text{R,W,X}R,W,X 不设为全 000 ,可以将它变为一个叶子,从而获得大小为 1GiB1\\text{GiB}1GiB 的一个大页。\n我们假定内核大小不超过 1GiB1\\text{GiB}1GiB,因此通过一个大页,将虚拟地址区间 [0xffffffffc0000000,0xffffffffffffffff] 映射到物理地址区间 [0x80000000,0xc0000000),而我们只需要分配一页内存用来存放三级页表,并将其最后一个页表项(这个虚拟地址区间明显对应三级页表的最后一个页表项),进行适当设置即可。\n因此,实现的汇编代码为:\n# src/boot/entry64.asm\n\n .section .text.entry\n .globl _start\n_start:\n # t0 := 三级页表的虚拟地址\n lui t0, %hi(boot_page_table_sv39)\n # t1 := 0xffffffff40000000 即虚实映射偏移量\n li t1, 0xffffffffc0000000 - 0x80000000\n # t0 减去虚实映射偏移量 0xffffffff40000000,变为三级页表的物理地址\n sub t0, t0, t1\n # t0 >>= 12,变为三级页表的物理页号\n srli t0, t0, 12\n\n # t1 := 8 \n总结一下,要进入虚拟内存访问方式,需要如下步骤:\n\n分配页表所在内存空间并初始化页表;\n设置好页基址寄存器(指向页表起始地址);\n刷新 TLB。\n\n到现在为止我们终于理解了自己是如何做起白日梦——进入那看似虚无缥缈的虚拟内存空间的。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter5/part3.html":{"url":"chapter5/part3.html","title":"内核重映射","keywords":"","body":"内核重映射\n上一节中,我们虽然构造了一个简单映射使得内核能够运行在虚拟空间上,但是这个映射是比较粗糙的。\n我们知道一个程序通常含有下面几段:\n\n.text\\text{.text}.text 段:存放代码,需要是可读、可执行的,但不可写。\n.rodata\\text{.rodata}.rodata 段:存放只读数据,顾名思义,需要可读,但不可写亦不可执行。\n.data\\text{.data}.data 段:存放经过初始化的数据,需要可读、可写。\n.bss\\text{.bss}.bss 段:存放经过零初始化的数据,需要可读、可写。与 .data\\text{.data}.data 段的区别在于由于我们知道它被零初始化,因此在可执行文件中可以只存放该段的开头地址和大小而不用存全为 000 的数据。在执行时由操作系统进行处理。\n\n我们看到各个段之间的访问权限是不同的。在现在的映射下,我们甚至可以修改内核 .text\\text{.text}.text 段的代码!因为我们通过一个标志位 W=1\\text{W}=1W=1 的页表项完成映射。而这会带来一个埋藏极深的隐患。\n因此,我们考虑对这些段分别进行重映射,使得他们的访问权限被正确设置。虽然还是每个段都还是映射以同样的偏移量映射到相同的地方,但实现需要更加精细。\n新建页表并插入映射\n我们决定放弃现有的页表建一个新的页表,在那里完成重映射。一个空的页表唯一需求的是一个三级页表作为根,我们要为这个三级页表申请一个物理页帧,并把三级页表放在那里。我们正好实现了物理页帧的分配 alloc_frame() !\n一个空空如也的页表还不够。我们现在要插入映射 VPN→PPN\\text{VPN}\\rightarrow\\text{PPN}VPN→PPN ,这次我们真的要以一页 (4KiB4\\text{KiB}4KiB) 为单位而不是以一大页 (1GiB1\\text{GiB}1GiB) 为单位构造映射了。那就走流程,一级一级来。首先我们在这个三级页表中根据 VPN[2]\\text{VPN}[2]VPN[2] 索引三级页表项,发现其 V=0\\text{V}=0V=0 ,说明它指向一个空页表,然后理所当然是新建一个二级页表,申请一个物理页帧放置它,然后修改三级页表项的物理页号字段为这个二级页表所在的物理页号,然后进入这个二级页表进入下一级处理...\n等等!我们好像忽略了什么东西。我们对着三级页表又读又写,然而自始至终我们只知道它所在的物理页号即物理地址!\n如何读写一个页表\n在我们的程序中,能够直接访问的只有虚拟地址。如果想要访问物理地址的话,我们需要有一个虚拟地址映射到该物理地址,然后我们才能通过访问这个虚拟地址来访问物理地址。那么我们现在做到这一点了吗?\n幸运的是我们确实做到了。我们通过一个大页映射了 1GiB1\\text{GiB}1GiB 的内存,包括了所有可用的物理地址。因此,我们如果想访问一个物理地址的话,我们知道这个物理地址加上偏移量得到的虚拟地址已经被映射到这个物理地址了,因此可以使用这个虚拟地址访问该物理地址。\n为了让我们能够一直如此幸运,我们得让新的映射也具有这种访问物理内存的能力。在这里,我们使用一种最简单的方法,即映射整块物理内存。即选择一段虚拟内存区间与整块物理内存进行映射。这样整块物理内存都可以用这段区间内的虚拟地址来访问了。\n我们使用一种较为精确的方法,即:\n整块物理内存指的是“物理内存探测与管理”一节中所提到的我们能够自由分配的那些物理内存。我们用和内核各段同样的偏移量来进行映射。但这和内核各段相比,出发点是不同的:\n\n内核各段:为了实现在程序中使用虚拟地址访问虚拟内存的效果而构造映射;\n物理内存映射:为了通过物理地址访问物理内存,但是绕不开页表映射机制,因此只能通过构造映射使用虚拟地址来访问物理内存。\n\n不过从结果上来看,它和内核中的各段没有什么区别,甚至和 .data\\text{.data}.data 段相同,都是将许可要求设置为可读、可写即可。\n\n[danger] 内存消耗问题\n在一个新页表中,新建一个映射我们要分配三级页表、二级页表、一级页表各一个物理页帧。而现在我们基本上要给整个物理内存建立映射,且不使用大页,也就是说物理内存中每有一个 4KiB4\\text{KiB}4KiB 的页,我们都要建立一个映射,要分配三个物理页帧。那岂不是我们还没把整个物理内存都建立映射,所有物理页帧就都耗尽了?\n事实上这个问题是不存在的。关键点在于,我们要映射的是一段连续的虚拟内存区间,因此,每连续建立 512512512 页的映射才会新建一个一级页表,每连续建立 5122512^2512​2​​ 页的映射才会新建一个二级页表,而三级页表最多只新建一个。因此这样进行映射花费的总物理页帧数约占物理内存中物理页帧总数的约 1512≃0.2%\\frac{1}{512}\\simeq 0.2\\%​512​​1​​≃0.2% 。\n\n这样想来,无论切换页表前后,我们都可以使用一个固定的偏移量来通过虚拟地址访问物理内存,此问题得到了解决。\n现在我们明白了为何要进行内核重映射,并讨论了一些细节。我们将在下一节进行具体实现。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter5/part4.html":{"url":"chapter5/part4.html","title":"内核重映射实现之一:页表","keywords":"","body":"内核重映射实现之一:页表\n\n代码\n\n首先我们来看如何实现页表。\n访问物理内存\n简单起见,无论是初始映射还是重映射,无论是内核各段还是物理内存,我们都采用同样的偏移量进行映射,具体而言:va -> pa = va - 0xffffffff40000000 。\n于是我们可以通过在内核中访问对应的虚拟内存来访问物理内存。相关常量定义在consts.rs中。\n// src/consts.rs\n\npub const PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET: usize = 0xffffffff40000000;\n\n// src/memory/mod.rs\n\n// 将物理地址转化为对应的虚拟地址\npub fn access_pa_via_va(pa: usize) -> usize {\n pa + PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET\n}\n\n在 riscv crate 和内核实现中,需要为页表机制提供了如下支持:\n\n基于偏移量(也即线性映射)的 Sv39 三级页表 Rv39PageTable 和页表映射操作PageTableImpl\n页表项 PageTableEntry和页项 PageEntry\n页表项数组 PageTable \n页表项中的标志位 PageTableFlags\n\n页表项和页项\n首先来看一下页表项:\n// riscv: src/paging/page_table.rs\npub struct PageTableEntry(usize);\nimpl PageTableEntry {\n pub fn is_unused(&self) -> bool { self.0 == 0 }\n pub fn set_unused(&mut self) { self.0 = 0; }\n ......\n}\n\n再来看一下页项:\n// src/paging.rs\n......\npub struct PageEntry(&'static mut PageTableEntry, Page);\n\nimpl PageEntry {\n pub fn update(&mut self) {\n unsafe { sfence_vma(0, self.1.start_address().as_usize()); }\n }\n // 一系列的标志位读写\n pub fn accessed(&self) -> bool { self.0.flags().contains(EF::ACCESSED) }\n pub fn clear_accessed(&mut self) { self.0.flags_mut().remove(EF::ACCESSED); }\n ......\n}\n\n我们基于提供的类 PageTableEntry 自己封装了一个 PageEntry ,表示单个映射。里面分别保存了一个页表项 PageTableEntry 的可变引用,以及找到了这个页表项的虚拟页。但事实上,除了 update 函数之外,剩下的函数都是对 PageTableEntry 的简单包装,功能是读写页表项的目标物理页号以及标志位。\n我们之前提到过,在修改页表之后我们需要通过屏障指令 sfence.vma 来刷新 TLB 。而这条指令后面可以接一个虚拟地址,这样在刷新的时候只关心与这个虚拟地址相关的部分,可能速度比起全部刷新要快一点。(实际上我们确实用了这种较快的刷新 TLB 方式,但并不是在这里使用,因此 update 根本没被调用过,这个类有些冗余了)\n为 Rv39PageTable 提供物理页帧管理\n在实现页表之前,我们回忆多级页表的修改会隐式的调用物理页帧分配与回收。比如在 Sv39 中,插入一对映射就可能新建一个二级页表和一个一级页表,而这需要分配两个物理页帧。因此,我们需要告诉 Rv39PageTable 如何进行物理页帧分配与回收。\n// src/memory/paging.rs\n\n// 事实上,我们需要一个实现了 FrameAllocator, FrameDeallocator trait的类\n// 并为此分别实现 alloc, dealloc 函数\nstruct FrameAllocatorForPaging;\n\nimpl FrameAllocator for FrameAllocatorForPaging {\n fn alloc(&mut self) -> Option {\n alloc_frame()\n }\n}\n\nimpl FrameDeallocator for FrameAllocatorForPaging {\n fn dealloc(&mut self, frame: Frame) {\n dealloc_frame(frame)\n }\n}\n\n实现我们自己的页表 映射操作 PageTableImpl\n于是我们可以利用 Rv39PageTable的实现我们自己的页表映射操作 PageTableImpl 。首先是声明及初始化:\n// src/memory/paging.rs\n\npub struct PageTableImpl {\n page_table: Rv39PageTable,\n // 作为根的三级页表所在的物理页帧\n root_frame: Frame,\n // 在操作过程中临时使用\n entry: Option,\n}\n\nimpl PageTableImpl {\n // 新建一个空页表\n pub fn new_bare() -> Self {\n // 分配一个物理页帧并获取物理地址,作为根的三级页表就放在这个物理页帧中\n let frame = alloc_frame().expect(\"alloc_frame failed!\");\n let paddr = frame.start_address().as_usize();\n // 利用 access_pa_via_va 访问该物理页帧并进行页表初始化\n let table = unsafe { &mut *(access_pa_via_va(paddr) as *mut PageTableEntryArray) };\n table.zero();\n\n PageTableImpl {\n // 传入参数:三级页表的可变引用;\n // 因为 Rv39PageTable 的思路也是将整块物理内存进行线性映射\n // 所以我们传入物理内存的偏移量,即 va-pa,使它可以修改页表\n page_table: Rv39PageTable::new(table, PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET),\n // 三级页表所在物理页帧\n root_frame: frame,\n entry: None\n }\n }\n}\n\n然后是页表最重要的插入、删除映射的功能:\nimpl PageTableImpl {\n ...\n pub fn map(&mut self, va: usize, pa: usize) -> &mut PageEntry {\n // 为一对虚拟页与物理页帧建立映射\n\n // 这里的标志位被固定为 R|W|X,即同时允许读/写/执行\n // 后面我们会根据段的权限不同进行修改\n let flags = EF::VALID | EF::READABLE | EF::WRITABLE;\n let page = Page::of_addr(VirtAddr::new(va));\n let frame = Frame::of_addr(PhysAddr::new(pa));\n self.page_table\n // 利用 Rv39PageTable 的 map_to 接口\n // 传入要建立映射的虚拟页、物理页帧、映射标志位、以及提供物理页帧管理\n .map_to(page, frame, flags, &mut FrameAllocatorForPaging)\n .unwrap()\n // 得到 MapperFlush(Page)\n // flush 做的事情就是跟上面一样的 sfence_vma\n // 即刷新与这个虚拟页相关的 TLB\n // 所以我们修改后要按时刷新 TLB\n .flush();\n self.get_entry(va).expect(\"fail to get an entry!\")\n }\n pub fn unmap(&mut self, va: usize) {\n // 删除一对映射\n // 我们只需输入虚拟页,因为已经可以找到页表项了\n let page = Page::of_addr(VirtAddr::new(va));\n // 利用 Rv39PageTable 的 unmap 接口\n // * 注意这里没有用到物理页帧管理,所以 Rv39PageTable 并不会回收内存?\n let (_, flush) = self.page_table.unmap(page).unwrap();\n // 同样注意按时刷新 TLB\n flush.flush();\n }\n fn get_entry(&mut self, va: usize) -> Option {\n // 获取虚拟页对应的页表项,以被我们封装起来的 PageEntry 的可变引用的形式\n // 于是,我们拿到了页表项,可以进行修改了!\n let page = Page::of_addr(VirtAddr::new(va));\n // 调用 Rv39PageTable 的 ref_entry 接口\n if let Ok(e) = self.page_table.ref_entry(page.clone()) {\n let e = unsafe { &mut *(e as *mut PageTableEntry) };\n // 把返回的 PageTableEntry 封装起来\n self.entry = Some(PageEntry(e, page));\n Some(self.entry.as_mut().unwrap())\n }\n else {\n None\n }\n }\n}\n\n上面我们创建页表,并可以插入、删除映射了。但是它依然一动不动的放在内存中,如何将它用起来呢?我们可以通过修改 satp 寄存器的物理页号字段来设置作为根的三级页表所在的物理页帧,也就完成了页表的切换。\nimpl PageTableImpl {\n ...\n // 我们用 token 也就是 satp 的值来描述一个页表\n // 返回自身的 token\n pub fn token(&self) -> usize { self.root_frame.number() | (8 usize { satp::read().bits() }\n\n // 修改 satp 值切换页表后,过时的不止一个虚拟页\n // 因此必须使用 sfence_vma_all 刷新整个 TLB\n fn flush_tlb() { unsafe { sfence_vma_all(); } }\n\n // 将 CPU 所用的页表切换为当前的实例\n pub unsafe fn activate(&self) {\n let old_token = Self::active_token();\n let new_token = self.token();\n println!(\"switch satp from {:#x} to {:#x}\", old_token, new_token);\n if new_token != old_token {\n Self::set_token(new_token);\n // 别忘了刷新 TLB!\n Self::flush_tlb();\n }\n }\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter5/part5.html":{"url":"chapter5/part5.html","title":"内核重映射实现之二:MemorySet","keywords":"","body":"内核重映射实现之二:MemorySet\n\n代码\n\n我们实现了页表,但是好像还不足以应对内核重映射的需求。我们要对多个段分别进行不同的映射,而页表只允许我们每次插入一对从虚拟页到物理页帧的映射。\n总体抽象\n为此,我们另设计几种数据结构来抽象这个过程:\n\n在虚拟内存中,每个 MemoryArea 描述一个段,每个段单独映射到物理内存;MemorySet 中则存储所有的 MemoryArea 段,相比巨大的虚拟内存空间,由于它含有的各个段都已经映射到物理内存,它可表示一个程序独自拥有的实际可用的虚拟内存空间。PageTable 相当于一个底层接口,仅是管理映射,事实上它管理了 MemorySet 中所有 MemoryArea 的所有映射。\nMemoryArea\n我们刻意将不同的段分为不同的 MemoryArea ,说明它们映射到物理内存的方式一定是不同的:\n\n我们则使用 MemoryHandler 来描述映射行为的不同。不同的类型的 MemoryArea,会使用不同的 MemoryHandler ,而他们会用不同的方式调用 PageTable 提供的底层接口进行映射,因此导致了最终映射行为的不同。\n下面我们看一下这些类是如何实现的。\nMemoryAttr\n首先是用来修改 PageEntry (我们的页表映射默认将权限设为 R|W|X ,需要修改) 的类 MemoryAttr:\n// src/memory/memory_set/attr.rs\n......\npub struct MemoryAttr {\n user : bool, // 用户态是否可访问\n readonly : bool, // 是否只读\n execute : bool, // 是否可执行\n}\n\nimpl MemoryAttr {\n // 默认 用户态不可访问;可写;不可执行;\n pub fn new() -> Self{\n MemoryAttr {\n user : false,\n readonly : false,\n execute : false,\n }\n }\n // 根据要求修改所需权限\n pub fn set_user(mut self) -> Self {\n self.user = true; self\n }\n pub fn set_readonly(mut self) -> Self {\n self.readonly = true; self\n }\n pub fn set_execute(mut self) -> Self {\n self.execute = true; self\n }\n // 根据设置的权限要求修改页表项\n pub fn apply(&self, entry : &mut PageEntry) {\n entry.set_present(true); // 设置页表项存在\n entry.set_user(self.user); // 设置用户态访问权限\n entry.set_writable(!self.readonly); //设置写权限\n entry.set_execute(self.execute); //设置可执行权限\n }\n}\n\nMemoryHandler\n然后是会以不同方式调用 PageTable 接口的 MemoryHandler:\n// src/memory/memory_set/handler.rs\n......\n// 定义 MemoryHandler trait\npub trait MemoryHandler: Debug + 'static {\n fn box_clone(&self) -> Box;\n // 需要实现 map, unmap 两函数,不同的接口实现者会有不同的行为\n // 注意 map 并没有 pa 作为参数,因此接口实现者要给出该虚拟页要映射到哪个物理页\n fn map(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, va: usize, attr: &MemoryAttr);\n fn unmap(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, va: usize);\n}\n......\n// 下面给出两种实现 Linear, ByFrame\n// 线性映射 Linear: 也就是我们一直在用的带一个偏移量的形式\n// 有了偏移量,我们就知道虚拟页要映射到哪个物理页了\npub struct Linear { offset: usize }\nimpl Linear {\n pub fn new(off: usize) -> Self { Linear { offset: off, } }\n}\nimpl MemoryHandler for Linear {\n fn box_clone(&self) -> Box { Box::new(self.clone()) }\n fn map(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, va: usize, attr: &MemoryAttr) {\n // 映射到 pa = va - self.offset\n // 同时还使用 attr.apply 修改了原先默认为 R|W|X 的权限\n attr.apply(pt.map(va, va - self.offset));\n }\n fn unmap(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, va: usize) { pt.unmap(va); }\n}\n// ByFrame: 不知道映射到哪个物理页帧\n// 那我们就分配一个新的物理页帧,可以保证不会产生冲突\npub struct ByFrame;\nimpl ByFrame {\n pub fn new() -> Self { ByFrame {} }\n}\nimpl MemoryHandler for ByFrame {\n fn box_clone(&self) -> Box {\n Box::new(self.clone())\n }\n fn map(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, va: usize, attr: &MemoryAttr) {\n // 分配一个物理页帧作为映射目标\n let frame = alloc_frame().expect(\"alloc_frame failed!\");\n let pa = frame.start_address().as_usize();\n attr.apply(pt.map(va, pa));\n }\n fn unmap(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, va: usize) {\n pt.unmap(va);\n }\n}\n\n接着,是描述一个段的 MemoryArea。\n// src/memory/memory_set/area.rs\n\n// 声明中给出所在的虚拟地址区间: [start, end)\n// 使用的 MemoryHandler: handler\n// 页表项的权限: attr\npub struct MemoryArea {\n start : usize,\n end : usize,\n handler : Box,\n attr : MemoryAttr,\n}\n\nimpl MemoryArea {\n // 同样是插入、删除映射\n // 遍历虚拟地址区间包含的所有虚拟页,依次利用 handler 完成映射插入/删除\n pub fn map(&self, pt : &mut PageTableImpl) {\n // 使用自己定义的迭代器进行遍历,实现在 src/memory/paging.rs 中\n // 放在下面\n for page in PageRange::new(self.start, self.end) {\n self.handler.map(pt, page, &self.attr);\n }\n }\n fn unmap(&self, pt : &mut PageTableImpl) {\n for page in PageRange::new(self.start, self.end) {\n self.handler.unmap(pt, page);\n }\n }\n // 是否与另一虚拟地址区间相交\n pub fn is_overlap_with(&self, start_addr : usize, end_addr : usize) -> bool {\n let p1 = self.start / PAGE_SIZE;\n let p2 = (self.end - 1) / PAGE_SIZE + 1;\n let p3 = start_addr / PAGE_SIZE;\n let p4 = (end_addr - 1) / PAGE_SIZE + 1;\n !((p1 >= p4) || (p2 , attr : MemoryAttr) -> Self {\n MemoryArea{\n start : start_addr,\n end : end_addr,\n handler : handler,\n attr : attr,\n }\n }\n}\n\nMemorySet\n最后,则是最高层的 MemorySet ,它描述一个实际可用的虚拟地址空间以供程序使用。\n// src/memory/memory_set/mod.rs\npub struct MemorySet {\n // 管理有哪些 MemoryArea\n areas: Vec,\n // 使用页表来管理其所有的映射\n page_table: PageTableImpl,\n}\n\nimpl MemorySet {\n pub fn push(&mut self, start: usize, end: usize, attr: MemoryAttr, handler: impl MemoryHandler) {\n // 加入一个新的给定了 handler 以及 attr 的 MemoryArea\n\n // 合法性测试\n assert!(start bool {\n // 迭代器的基本应用\n self.areas\n .iter()\n .find(|area| area.is_overlap_with(start, end))\n .is_none()\n }\n // 将 CPU 所在的虚拟地址空间切换为本 MemorySet\n pub unsafe fn activate(&self) {\n // 这和切换到存储其全部映射的页表是一码事\n self.page_table.activate();\n }\n}\n\n事实上,在内核中运行的所有程序都离不开内核的支持,所以必须要能够访问内核的代码和数据;同时,为了保证任何时候我们都可以修改页表,我们需要物理内存的映射一直存在。因此,在一个 MemorySet 初始化时,我们就要将上述这些段加入进去。\n// src/memory/memory_set/mod.rs\n\nimpl MemorySet {\n ...\n pub fn new() -> Self {\n let mut memory_set = MemorySet {\n areas: Vec::new(),\n page_table: PageTableImpl::new_bare(),\n };\n // 插入内核各段以及物理内存段\n memory_set.map_kernel_and_physical_memory();\n memory_set\n }\n pub fn map_kernel_and_physical_memory(&mut self) {\n extern \"C\" {\n fn stext();\n fn etext();\n fn srodata();\n fn erodata();\n fn sdata();\n fn edata();\n fn sbss();\n fn ebss();\n fn end();\n }\n let offset = PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET;\n // 各段全部采用偏移量固定的线性映射\n // .text R|X\n self.push(\n stext as usize,\n etext as usize,\n MemoryAttr::new().set_readonly().set_execute(),\n Linear::new(offset),\n );\n // .rodata R\n self.push(\n srodata as usize,\n erodata as usize,\n MemoryAttr::new().set_readonly(),\n Linear::new(offset),\n );\n // .data R|W\n self.push(\n sdata as usize,\n edata as usize,\n MemoryAttr::new(),\n Linear::new(offset)\n );\n // .bss R|W\n self.push(\n sbss as usize,\n ebss as usize,\n MemoryAttr::new(),\n Linear::new(offset)\n );\n // 物理内存 R|W\n self.push(\n (end as usize / PAGE_SIZE + 1) * PAGE_SIZE,\n access_pa_via_va(PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END),\n MemoryAttr::new(),\n Linear::new(offset),\n );\n }\n}\n\n这样,有了上面的抽象和对应实现,我们就可以根据 OS kernel 这个程序中不同段的属性建立不同属性的页表项,更加精确地体系了 OS kernel 各个部分的被访问特征。具体如何建立,请看下一节。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter5/part6.html":{"url":"chapter5/part6.html","title":"内核重映射实现之三:完结","keywords":"","body":"内核重映射实现之三:完结\n\n代码\n\n在内存模块初始化时,我们新建一个精细映射的 MemorySet 并切换过去供内核使用。\n// src/memory/mod.rs\n......\npub fn init(l: usize, r: usize) {\n FRAME_ALLOCATOR.lock().init(l, r);\n init_heap();\n // 内核重映射\n kernel_remap();\n println!(\"++++ setup memory! ++++\");\n}\npub fn kernel_remap() {\n let mut memory_set = MemorySet::new();\n extern \"C\" {\n fn bootstack(); //定义在src/boot/entry64.asm\n fn bootstacktop(); //定义在src/boot/entry64.asm\n }\n // 將启动栈 push 进来\n memory_set.push(\n bootstack as usize,\n bootstacktop as usize,\n MemoryAttr::new(),\n Linear::new(PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET),\n );\n unsafe {\n memory_set.activate();\n }\n}\n\n这里要注意的是,我们不要忘了将启动栈加入实际可用的虚拟内存空间。因为我们现在仍处于启动过程中,因此离不开启动栈。\n主函数里则是:\n// src/init.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n crate::interrupt::init();\n\n extern \"C\" {\n fn end();\n }\n crate::memory::init(\n ((end as usize - KERNEL_BEGIN_VADDR + KERNEL_BEGIN_PADDR) >> 12) + 1,\n PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END >> 12\n );\n\n crate::timer::init();\n loop {}\n}\n\n运行一下,可以发现屏幕上仍在整齐的输出着 100 ticks!\n我们回过头来验证一下关于读、写、执行的权限是否被正确处理了。\n写这么几个测试函数:\n// 只读权限,却要写入\nfn write_readonly_test() {\n extern \"C\" {\n fn srodata();\n }\n unsafe {\n let ptr = srodata as usize as *mut u8;\n *ptr = 0xab;\n }\n}\n\n// 不允许执行,非要执行\nfn execute_unexecutable_test() {\n extern \"C\" {\n fn sbss();\n }\n unsafe {\n asm!(\"jr $0\" :: \"r\"(sbss as usize) :: \"volatile\");\n }\n}\n\n// 找不到页表项\nfn read_invalid_test() {\n println!(\"{}\", unsafe { *(0x12345678 as usize as *const u8) });\n}\n\n在 memory::init 后面调用任一个测试函数,都会发现内核 panic 并输出:\n\n[danger] undefined trap\npanicked at 'undefined trap!', src/interrupt.rs:40:14\n\n\n这说明内核意识到出了某些问题进入了中断,但我们并没有加以解决。\n我们在中断处理里面加上对应的处理方案:\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub fn rust_trap(tf: &mut TrapFrame) {\n match tf.scause.cause() {\n Trap::Exception(Exception::Breakpoint) => breakpoint(&mut tf.sepc),\n Trap::Interrupt(Interrupt::SupervisorTimer) => super_timer(),\n Trap::Exception(Exception::InstructionPageFault) => page_fault(tf),\n Trap::Exception(Exception::LoadPageFault) => page_fault(tf),\n Trap::Exception(Exception::StorePageFault) => page_fault(tf),\n _ => panic!(\"undefined trap!\")\n }\n}\n\nfn page_fault(tf: &mut TrapFrame) {\n println!(\"{:?} va = {:#x} instruction = {:#x}\", tf.scause.cause(), tf.stval, tf.sepc);\n panic!(\"page fault!\");\n}\n\n我们再依次运行三个测试,会得到结果为:\n\n[success] 权限测试\n// read_invalid_test Result\nException(LoadPageFault) va = 0x12345678 instruction = 0xffffffffc020866c\npanicked at 'page fault!', src/interrupt.rs:65:5\n// execute_unexecutable_test Result\nException(InstructionPageFault) va = 0xffffffffc021d000 instruction = 0xffffffffc021d000\npanicked at 'page fault!', src/interrupt.rs:65:5\n// write_readonly_test Result\nException(StorePageFault) va = 0xffffffffc0213000 instruction = 0xffffffffc020527e\npanicked at 'page fault!', src/interrupt.rs:65:5\n\n\n从中我们可以清楚的看出内核成功的找到了错误的原因,内核各段被成功的设置了不同的权限。我们达到了内核重映射的目的!目前的代码能在这里找到。\n\n[info] 如何找到产生错误的源码位置\n在上面的三个测试中,虽然可以看到出错的指令的虚拟地址,但还是不能很直接地在源码级对应到出错的地方。这里有两个方法可以做到源码级错误定位,一个是 Qemu+GDB 的动态调试方法(这里不具体讲解),另外一个是通过addr2line工具来帮助我们根据指令的虚拟地址来做到源码的位置,具体方法如下:\n#先找到编译初的ELF格式的OS\n$ cd rCore_tutorial/os/target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug\n$ file os # 这个就是我们要分析的目标\nos: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, UCB RISC-V, version 1 (SYSV), statically linked, with debug_info, not stripped\n$ riscv64-unknown-elf-addr2line -e os 0xffffffffc020527e\nrCore_tutorial/os/src/init.rs:35\n#查看rCore_tutorial/os/src/init.rs第35行的位置,可以看到\n29: fn write_readonly_test() {\n30: extern \"C\" {\n31: fn srodata();\n32: }\n33: unsafe {\n34: let ptr = srodata as usize as *mut u8;\n35: *ptr = 0xab;\n36: }\n37: }\n#可以轻松定位到出错的语句``*ptr = 0xab;``\n\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter5/part7.html":{"url":"chapter5/part7.html","title":"总结与展望","keywords":"","body":"总结与展望\n本章我们区分了物理内存和虚拟内存,并利用页表在他们中间建立联系。我们分析了内核初始映射的代码,并希望通过更加精细的映射使各段具有不同的权限。\n我们使用 MemorySet -> MemoryArea -> MemoryHandler ,来以不同的方式调用页表 PageTableImpl 的接口,使得各段的映射方式不同。\nMemorySet 是内核给程序分配的虚拟内存空间,现在它只是给自己分配了一个,之后还会给其他用户程序分配。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter6/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter6/introduction.html","title":"第六章:内核线程","keywords":"","body":"第六章:内核线程与线程调度\n\n[info]线程与进程\n从源代码经过编译器一系列处理(编译、链接、优化等)得到的可执行文件,我们称为程序。\n而简单地说,进程 (Process) 就是使用正在运行并使用资源的程序,与放在磁盘中一动不动的程序不同,首先,进程得到了操作系统的资源支持:程序的代码、数据段被加载到内存中,程序所需的虚拟内存空间被真正构建出来。同时操作系统还给进程分配了程序所要求的各种其他资源,最典型的当属文件、网络等。\n然而如果仅此而已,进程还尚未体现出其“正在运行”的特性。而正在运行意味着 CPU 要去执行程序代码段中的代码,为了能够进行函数调用,我们还需要一点额外的内存:即栈(stack)。如果要进行动态内存分配,我们还需要另外一些额外的内容:即堆(heap)。\n出于种种目的,我们通常将“正在运行”的特性从进程中剥离出来,这样的一个借助 CPU + 栈的执行流,我们称之为线程 (Thread) 。一个进程可以有多个线程,也可以如传统进程一样只有一个线程。\n这样,进程虽然仍是代表一个正在运行的程序,但是其主要功能是作为资源管理的单位,管理内存、文件、网络等资源。而一个进程的多个线程则共享这些资源,专注于执行,从而作为执行流调度的单位。\n现代的处理器 (Processor),往往都具有多个核(核、Core、CPU 其实都是一个概念),从而可以在同一时间运行多个线程(可能来自于同个进程,也可能不同)。因此基于多线程的程序,则可以在占据同样资源的情况下,充分利用多核来同时执行更多的指令,宏观上提高整个程序的运行速度。\n\n在本教程中,出于简化,进程的概念被弱化。我们主要讨论线程以及基于线程进行执行流调度。\n本章你将会学到:\n\n内核线程的概念\n线程执行的状态表示与保存\n线程切换\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter6/part1.html":{"url":"chapter6/part1.html","title":"线程状态与保存","keywords":"","body":"线程状态与保存\n\n代码\n\n如果将整个运行中的内核看作一个内核进程,那么一个内核线程只负责内核进程中执行的部分。虽然我们之前从未提到过内核线程的概念,但是在我们设置完启动栈,并跳转到 rust_main 之后,我们的第一个内核线程——内核启动线程就已经在运行了!\n线程的状态\n想想一个线程何以区别于其他线程。由于线程是负责“执行”,因此我们要通过线程当前的执行状态(也称线程上下文,线程状态,Context)来描述线程的当前执行情况(也称执行现场)。也就包括:\n\nCPU 各寄存器的状态:\n简单想想,我们会特别关心程序运行到了哪里:即 PC\\text{PC}PC ;还有栈顶的位置:即 SP\\text{SP}SP 。\n当然,其他所有的寄存器都是一样重要的。\n\n线程的栈里面的内容:\n首先,我们之前提到过,寄存器和栈支持了函数调用与参数传递机制;\n其次,我们在函数中用到的局部变量其实都是分配在栈上的。它们在进入函数时被压到栈上,在从函数返回时被回收。而事实上,这些变量的局部性不只限于这个函数,还包括执行函数代码的线程。\n这是因为,同个进程的多个线程使用的是不同的栈,因此分配在一个线程的栈上的那些变量,都只有这个线程自身会访问。(通常,虽然理论上一个线程可以访问其他线程的栈,但由于并无什么意义,我们不会这样做)\n与之相比,放在程序的数据段中的全局变量(或称静态变量)则是所有线程都能够访问。数据段包括只读数据段 .rodata\\text{.rodata}.rodata ,可读可写的 .data,.bss\\text{.data,.bss}.data,.bss 。在线程访问这些数据时一定要多加小心,因为你并不清楚是不是有其他线程同时也在访问,这会带来一系列问题。\n\n\n线程状态的保存\n一个线程不会总是占据 CPU 资源,因此在执行过程中,它可能会被切换出去;之后的某个时刻,又从其他线程切换回来,为了线程能够像我们从未将它切换出去过一样继续正常执行,我们要保证切换前后线程的执行状态不变。\n其他线程不会修改当前线程的栈,因此栈上的内容保持不变;但是 CPU 跑去执行其他代码去了,CPU 各寄存器的状态势必发生变化,所以我们要将 CPU 当前的状态(各寄存器的值)保存在当前线程的栈上,以备日后恢复。但是我们也并不需要保存所有的寄存器,事实上只需保存:\n\n返回地址 ra\\text{ra}ra\n页表寄存器 satp\\text{satp}satp(考虑到属于同一进程的线程间共享一个页表,这一步不是必须的)\n被调用者保存寄存器 s0∼s11\\text{s}_0\\sim\\text{s}_{11}s​0​​∼s​11​​\n\n这与线程切换的实现方式有关,我们到时再进行说明。\n线程的实现\n首先是线程在栈上保存的内容:\n// src/context.rs\n\n// 回忆属性 #[repr(C)] 是为了让 rust 编译器以 C 语言的方式\n// 按照字段的声明顺序分配内存\n// 从而可以利用汇编代码正确地访问它们\n#[repr(C)]\npub struct ContextContent {\n pub ra: usize,\n satp: usize,\n s: [usize; 12],\n tf: TrapFrame,\n}\n\n前三个分别对应 ra,satp,s0∼s11\\text{ra,satp,s}_0\\sim\\text{s}_{11}ra,satp,s​0​​∼s​11​​,那最后为什么还有个中断帧呢?实际上,我们通过中断帧,来利用中断机制的一部分来进行线程初始化。我们马上就会看到究竟是怎么回事。\n// src/context.rs\n\n#[repr(C)]\npub struct Context {\n pub content_addr: usize,\n}\n\n对于一个被切换出去的线程,为了能够有朝一日将其恢复回来,由于它的状态已经保存在它自己的栈上,我们唯一关心的就是其栈顶的地址。我们用结构体 Context 来描述被切换出去的线程的状态。\n随后开一个新的 process mod ,在里面定义线程结构体 Thread 。\n// src/process/structs.rs\npub struct Thread {\n // 线程的状态\n pub context: Context,\n // 线程的栈\n pub kstack: KernelStack,\n}\n\nThread里面用到了内核栈 KernelStack :\n// src/consts.rs\npub const KERNEL_STACK_SIZE: usize = 0x80000;\n\n// src/process/structs.rs\npub struct KernelStack(usize);\nimpl KernelStack {\n pub fn new() -> Self {\n let bottom = unsafe {\n alloc(Layout::from_size_align(KERNEL_STACK_SIZE, KERNEL_STACK_SIZE).unwrap()) as usize\n };\n KernelStack(bottom)\n }\n}\nimpl Drop for KernelStack {\n fn drop(&mut self) {\n ......\n dealloc(\n self.0 as _,\n Layout::from_size_align(KERNEL_STACK_SIZE, KERNEL_STACK_SIZE).unwrap(),\n );\n ......\n }\n}\n\n在使用 KernelStack::new 新建一个内核栈时,我们使用第四章所讲的动态内存分配,从堆上分配一块虚拟内存作为内核栈。然而 KernelStack 本身只保存这块内存的起始地址。其原因在于当线程生命周期结束后,作为 Thread 一部分的 KernelStack 实例被回收时,由于我们实现了 Drop Trait ,该实例会调用 drop 函数将创建时分配的那块虚拟内存回收,从而避免内存溢出。当然。如果是空的栈就不必回收了。\n因此,我们是出于自动回收内核栈的考虑将 KernelStack 放在 Thread 中。另外,需要注意压栈操作导致栈指针是从高地址向低地址变化;出栈操作则相反。\n下一节,我们来看如何进行线程切换。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter6/part2.html":{"url":"chapter6/part2.html","title":"线程切换","keywords":"","body":"线程切换\n\n代码\n\n我们要用这个函数完成线程切换:\n// src/process/structs.rs\nimpl Thread {\n pub fn switch_to(&mut self, target: &mut Thread) {\n unsafe { self.context.switch(&mut target.context); }\n }\n}\n\n通过调用 switch_to 函数将当前正在执行的线程切换为另一个线程。实现方法是两个 Context 的切换。\n// src/lib.rs\n\n#![feature(naked_functions)]\n\n// src/context.rs\n\nimpl Context {\n #[naked]\n #[inline(never)]\n pub unsafe extern \"C\" fn switch(&mut self, target: &mut Context) {\n asm!(include_str!(\"process/switch.asm\") :::: \"volatile\");\n }\n}\n\n这里需要对两个宏进行一下说明:\n\n#[naked] ,告诉 rust 编译器不要给这个函数插入任何开场白 (prologue) 以及结语 (epilogue) 。\n我们知道,一般情况下根据 函数调用约定(calling convention) ,编译器会自动在函数开头为我们插入设置寄存器、栈(比如保存 callee-save 寄存器,分配局部变量等工作)的代码作为开场白,结语则是将开场白造成的影响恢复。\n\n#[inline(never)] ,告诉 rust 编译器永远不要将该函数内联。\n内联 (inline) 是指编译器对于一个函数调用,直接将函数体内的代码复制到调用函数的位置。而非像经典的函数调用那样,先跳转到函数入口,函数体结束后再返回。这样做的优点在于避免了跳转;但却加大了代码容量。\n有时编译器在优化中会将未显式声明为内联的函数优化为内联的。但是我们这里要用到调用-返回机制,因此告诉编译器不能将这个函数内联。\n\n\n这个函数我们用汇编代码 src/process/switch.asm 实现。\n由于函数调用约定(calling convention) ,我们知道的是寄存器 a0,a1a_0,a_1a​0​​,a​1​​ 分别保存“当前线程栈顶地址”所在的地址,以及“要切换到的线程栈顶地址”所在的地址。\n\n[info]RISC-V 函数调用约定(Calling Convention)\n\n\n\n寄存器\nABI 名称\n描述\nSaver\n\n\n\n\nx0\nzero\nHard-wired zero\n------\n\n\nx1\nra\nReturn address\nCaller\n\n\nx2\nsp\nStack pointer\nCallee\n\n\nx3\ngp\nGlobal pointer\n------\n\n\nx4\ntp\nThread pointer\n------\n\n\nx5-7\nt0-2\nTemporaries\nCaller\n\n\nx8\ns0/fp\nSaved register/frame pointer\nCallee\n\n\nx9\ns1\nSaved register\nCallee\n\n\nx10-11\na0-1\nFunction arguments/return values\nCaller\n\n\nx12-17\na2-7\nFunction arguments\nCaller\n\n\nx18-27\ns2-11\nSaved registers\nCallee\n\n\nx28-31\nt3-6\nTemporaries\nCaller\n\n\n\n我们切换进程时需要保存 Callee-saved registers 以及ra。\n\n所以要做的事情是:\n\n将当前的 CPU 状态保存到当前栈上,并更新“当前线程栈顶地址”,通过写入寄存器 a0a_0a​0​​ 值所指向的内存;\n读取寄存器 a1a_1a​1​​ 值所指向的内存获取“要切换到的线程栈顶地址”,切换栈,并从栈上恢复 CPU 状态\n\n# src/process/switch.asm\n\n.equ XLENB, 8\n.macro Load a1, a2\n ld \\a1, \\a2*XLENB(sp)\n.endm\n.macro Store a1, a2\n sd \\a1, \\a2*XLENB(sp)\n.endm\n # 入栈,即在当前栈上分配空间保存当前 CPU 状态\n addi sp, sp, -14*XLENB\n # 更新“当前线程栈顶地址”\n sd sp, 0(a0)\n # 依次保存各寄存器的值\n Store ra, 0\n Store s0, 2\n ......\n Store s11, 13\n csrr s11, satp\n Store s11, 1\n # 当前线程状态保存完毕\n\n # 准备恢复到“要切换到的线程”\n # 读取“要切换到的线程栈顶地址”,并直接换栈\n ld sp, 0(a1)\n # 依序恢复各寄存器\n Load s11, 1\n # 恢复页表寄存器 satp,别忘了使用屏障指令 sfence.vma 刷新 TLB\n csrw satp, s11\n sfence.vma\n Load ra, 0\n Load s0, 2\n ......\n Load s11, 13\n # 各寄存器均被恢复,恢复过程结束\n # “要切换到的线程” 变成了 “当前线程”\n # 出栈,即在当前栈上回收用来保存线程状态的内存\n addi sp, sp, 14*XLENB\n\n # 将“当前线程的栈顶地址”修改为 0\n # 这并不会修改当前的栈\n # 事实上这个值只有当对应的线程停止时才有效\n # 这里主要是标志这个线程开始运行了\n sd zero, 0(a1)\n ret\n\n这里需要说明的是:\n\n我们是如何利用函数调用及返回机制的\n我们说为了线程能够切换回来,我们要保证切换前后线程状态不变。这并不完全正确,事实上程序计数器 PC\\text{PC}PC 发生了变化:在切换回来之后我们需要从 switch_to 返回之后的第一条指令继续执行!\n因此可以较为巧妙地利用函数调用及返回机制:在调用 switch_to 函数之前编译器会帮我们将 ra\\text{ra}ra 寄存器的值改为 switch_to 返回后第一条指令的地址。所以我们恢复 ra\\text{ra}ra ,再调用 ret: pc←ra\\text{ret: pc}\\leftarrow\\text{ra}ret: pc←ra ,这样会跳转到返回之后的第一条指令。\n\n为何不必保存全部寄存器\n因此这是一个函数调用,由于函数调用约定(calling convention) ,编译器会自动生成代码在调用前后帮我们保存、恢复所有的 caller-saved 寄存器。于是乎我们需要手动保存所有的 callee-saved 寄存器 s0∼s11\\text{s}_0\\sim\\text{s}_{11}s​0​​∼s​11​​ 。这样所有的寄存器都被保存了。\n\n\n下面一节我们来研究如何进行线程初始化。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter6/part3.html":{"url":"chapter6/part3.html","title":"内核线程初始化","keywords":"","body":"内核线程初始化\n\n代码\n\n回忆一下我们如何进行启动线程的初始化?无非两步:设置栈顶地址、跳转到内核入口地址。从而变为启动线程的初始状态,并准备开始运行。\n其他线程的初始化也差不多。事实上我们要构造一个停止的线程状态,使得一旦其他的进程切换到它,就立刻变为我们想要的该线程的初始状态,并可以往下运行。\n构造线程状态信息\n首先是要新建一个内核栈,然后在栈上压入我们精心构造的线程状态信息。\n// src/context.rs\nimpl ContextContent {\n // 为一个新内核线程构造栈上的初始状态信息\n // 其入口点地址为 entry ,其内核栈栈顶地址为 kstack_top ,其页表为 satp\n fn new_kernel_thread(\n entry: usize,\n kstack_top: usize,\n satp: usize,\n ) -> ContextContent {\n\n let mut content = ContextContent {\n ra: __trapret as usize,\n satp,\n s: [0; 12],\n tf: {\n let mut tf: TrapFrame = unsafe { zeroed() };\n tf.x[2] = kstack_top;\n tf.sepc = entry;\n tf.sstatus = sstatus::read();\n tf.sstatus.set_spp(sstatus::SPP::Supervisor);\n tf.sstatus.set_spie(true);\n tf.sstatus.set_sie(false);\n tf\n }\n };\n content\n }\n}\n\n首先 satp\\text{satp}satp 在 switch_to 中被正确设置。这里 ra\\text{ra}ra 的值为 __trapret ,因此当 switch_to 使用 ret 退出后会跳转到 __trapret 。而它是我们在中断处理返回时用来恢复中断上下文的!实际上这里用 __trapret 仅仅是利用它来设置寄存器的初始值,而不是说它和中断有什么关系。\n从 switch_to 返回之后,原栈顶的 ra,satp,s0∼s11\\text{ra,satp,s}_0\\sim\\text{s}_{11}ra,satp,s​0​​∼s​11​​ 被回收掉了。因此现在栈顶上恰好保存了一个中断帧。那么我们从中断返回的视角来看待:栈顶地址会被正确设置为 kstack_top ,由于将中断帧的 sepc\\text{sepc}sepc 设置为线程入口点,因此中断返回后会通过 sret 跳转到线程入口点。\n注意中断帧中 sstatus\\text{sstatus}sstatus 的设置:\n\n将 SPP\\text{SPP}SPP 设置为 Supervisor ,使得使用 sret 返回后 CPU 的特权级为 S Mode 。\n设置 SIE,SPIE\\text{SIE,SPIE}SIE,SPIE,这里的作用是 sret 返回后,在内核线程中使能异步中断。详情请参考RISC-V 特权指令集文档。\n\n我们还希望能够给线程传入参数,这只需要修改中断帧中的x10,x11,...,x17x_10,x_11,...,x_17 x​1​​0,x​1​​1,...,x​1​​7(即参数a0,a1,...,a7a_0,a_1,...,a_7a​0​​,a​1​​,...,a​7​​ )即可,__trapret 函数可以协助完成参数传递。\n// src/context.rs\n\nimpl Context {\n pub unsafe fn new_kernel_thread(\n entry: usize,\n kstack_top: usize,\n satp: usize\n ) -> Context {\n ContextContent::new_kernel_thread(entry, kstack_top, satp).push_at(kstack_top)\n }\n pub unsafe fn append_initial_arguments(&self, args: [usize; 3]) {\n let contextContent = &mut *(self.content_addr as *mut ContextContent);\n contextContent.tf.x[10] = args[0];\n contextContent.tf.x[11] = args[1];\n contextContent.tf.x[12] = args[2];\n }\n}\nimpl ContextContent {\n // 将自身压到栈上,并返回 Context\n unsafe fn push_at(self, stack_top: usize) -> Context {\n let ptr = (stack_top as *mut ContextContent).sub(1);\n *ptr = self;\n Context { content_addr: ptr as usize }\n }\n}\n\n创建新线程\n接下来就是线程的创建:\n// src/process/structs.rs\nimpl Thread {\n // 创建一个新线程,放在堆上\n pub fn new_kernel(entry: usize) -> Box {\n unsafe {\n let kstack_ = KernelStack::new();\n Box::new(Thread {\n // 内核线程共享内核资源,因此用目前的 satp 即可\n context: Context::new_kernel_thread(entry, kstack_.top(), satp::read().bits()), kstack: kstack_,\n })\n }\n }\n // 为线程传入初始参数\n pub fn append_initial_arguments(&self, args: [usize; 3]) {\n unsafe { self.context.append_initial_arguments(args); }\n }\n}\n\n下一节我们终于能拨云见日,写一个测试看看我们的线程实现究竟有无问题了!\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter6/part4.html":{"url":"chapter6/part4.html","title":"内核线程创建与切换测试","keywords":"","body":"测试线程创建与切换\n\n代码\n\n我们想做的事情是:新建一个临时线程,从启动线程切换到临时线程,再切换回来。\n临时线程入口点:\n// src/process/mod.rs\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn temp_thread(from_thread: &mut Thread, current_thread: &mut Thread) {\n println!(\"I'm leaving soon, but I still want to say: Hello world!\");\n current_thread.switch_to(from_thread);\n}\n\n传入的参数中有一个 from_thread ,它本应代表启动线程。但是身处启动线程中,我们如何构造一个 Thread 实例表示其自身呢?\n// src/context.rs\nimpl Context {\n pub fn null() -> Context {\n Context { content_addr: 0, }\n }\n}\n\n// src/process/structs.rs\nimpl Thread {\n pub fn get_boot_thread() -> Box {\n Box::new(Thread {\n context: Context::null(),\n kstack: KernelStack::new_empty(),\n })\n }\n}\n\n其实作为一个正在运行的线程,栈早就开好了,我们什么都不用做啦!一切都被我们的线程切换机制搞定了。\n下面正式开始测试:\n// src/process/mod.rs\n\npub fn init() {\n\n let mut boot_thread = Thread::get_boot_thread();\n let mut temp_thread = Thread::new_kernel(temp_thread as usize);\n\n unsafe {\n // 对于放在堆上的数据,我只想到这种比较蹩脚的办法拿到它所在的地址...\n temp_thread.append_initial_arguments([&*boot_thread as *const Thread as usize, &*temp_thread as *const Thread as usize, 0]);\n }\n boot_thread.switch_to(&mut temp_thread);\n\n println!(\"switched back from temp_thread!\");\n loop {}\n}\n\n终于能够 make run 看一下结果啦!\n\n[success] 内核线程切换与测试\nI'm leaving soon, but I still want to say: Hello world!\nswitched back from temp_thread!\n\n可见我们切换到了临时线程,又切换了回来!测试成功!\n截至目前所有的代码可以在这里找到以供参考。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter6/part5.html":{"url":"chapter6/part5.html","title":"总结与展望","keywords":"","body":"总结与展望\n本章我们介绍了进程和线程的概念,由于进程管理的资源事实上仅有虚拟内存,而它用一个 satp\\text{satp}satp 寄存器的值即可描述。因此我们弱化进程概念,只研究线程。但是要注意二者的区别:对于实际上的内核,情况可完全不是这样!\n接着,处于要将线程切换出去的目的,我们讨论如何表达线程的运行状态,以及如何用栈实现线程状态的保存与恢复,进而实现了线程切换。\n最终,我们初始化一个临时线程(注意利用 __trapret 初始化寄存器的小技巧),并从启动线程切换过去并切换回来。\n如果同时有多个线程需要执行,我们需要公平合理地分配 CPU 资源给这些线程,让它们都能被运行到,这就是下一章所要讲的线程调度。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter7/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter7/introduction.html","title":"第七章:线程调度","keywords":"","body":"第七章:线程调度\n本章概要\n上一章我们已经支持内核线程的创建及切换。然而,为了支持多个线程并发运行,我们应当如何选择线程间切换的时机,更加合理地分配 CPU 资源呢?\n本章你将会学到:\n\n使用线程池对线程进行管理\n创建后台的内核调度线程 idle 用于线程调度\n基于时钟中断定期进行线程调度\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter7/part1.html":{"url":"chapter7/part1.html","title":"线程池与线程管理","keywords":"","body":"线程管理器\n\n代码\n\n线程状态\n从调度器的角度来看,每个线程都有一个独一无二的 Tid 来区分它和其他线程。\n// in process/mod.rs\npub type Tid = usize;\npub type ExitCode = usize;\n\n同时,线程的状态有下面几种:\n// src/process/struct.rs\n#[derive(Clone)]\npub enum Status {\n // 就绪:可以运行,但是要等到 CPU 的资源分配给它\n Ready,\n // 正在运行\n Running(Tid),\n // 睡眠:当前被阻塞,要满足某些条件才能继续运行\n Sleeping,\n // 退出:该线程执行完毕并退出\n Exited(ExitCode),\n}\n\n调度算法接口设计\n在一个线程运行的过程中,调度器需要定期查看当前线程的已运行时间,如果已经达到一个阈值,那么出于公平起见,应该将 CPU 资源交给其他线程,也即切换到其他线程。\n查看的间隔不能太长,这样的话等于线程调度根本没起到作用;但是也不能过于频繁, CPU 的资源大量投资在调度器上更是得不偿失。\n我们的线程调度算法基于时钟中断,我们会在时钟中断中进入调度器看看当前线程是否需要切换出去。\n因此,调度算法的接口 Scheduler 如下:\n// src/process/scheduler.rs\npub trait Scheduler {\n // 如果 tid 不存在,表明将一个新线程加入线程调度\n // 否则表明一个已有的线程要继续运行\n fn push(&mut self, tid: Tid);\n // 从若干可运行线程中选择一个运行\n fn pop(&mut self) -> Option;\n // 时钟中断中,提醒调度算法当前线程又运行了一个 tick\n // 返回的 bool 表示调度算法认为当前线程是否需要被切换出去\n fn tick(&mut self) -> bool;\n // 告诉调度算法一个线程已经结束\n fn exit(&mut self, tid: Tid);\n}\n\n线程池接口设计\n调度算法 Scheduler 只管理 Tid ,和线程并没有关系。因此,我们使用线程池 ThreadPool 来给线程和 Tid 建立联系,将 Scheduler 的 Tid 调度变成线程调度。\n事实上,每个线程刚被创建时并没有一个 Tid ,这是线程池给线程分配的。\n// src/process/thread_pool.rs\n// 线程池每个位置的信息\nstruct ThreadInfo {\n // 占据这个位置的线程当前运行状态\n status: Status,\n // 占据这个位置的线程\n thread: Option>,\n}\n\npub struct ThreadPool {\n // 线程池\n // 如果一个位置是 None 表示未被线程占据\n threads: Vec>,\n // 调度算法\n // 这里的 dyn Scheduler 是 Trait object 语法\n // 表明 Box 里面的类型实现了 Scheduler Trait\n scheduler: Box,\n}\n\n线程池的方法\n作为一个线程池,需要实现调度相关的一系列操作:\n\nalloc_tid:为新线程分配一个新的 Tid\nadd:添加一个可立即开始运行的线程\nacquire:从线程池中取一个线程开始运行\nretrieve:让当前线程交出 CPU 资源\ntick:时钟中断时查看当前所运行线程是否要切换出去\nexit:退出线程\n\n下面,我们依次来看看线程池的方法:\n// src/process/thread_pool.rs\n\nimpl ThreadPool {\n // 新建一个线程池,其最大可容纳 size 个线程,使用调度器 scheduler\n pub fn new(size: usize, scheduler: Box) -> ThreadPool {\n ThreadPool {\n threads: {\n let mut v = Vec::new();\n v.resize_with(size, Default::default);\n v\n },\n scheduler,\n }\n }\n // 在线程池中找一个编号最小的空着的位置\n // 将编号作为 Tid 返回\n fn alloc_tid(&self) -> Tid {\n for (i, info) in self.threads.iter().enumerate() {\n if info.is_none() {\n return i;\n }\n }\n panic!(\"alloc tid failed!\");\n }\n\n // 加入一个可立即开始运行的线程\n // 线程状态 Uninitialized -> Ready\n pub fn add(&mut self, _thread: Box) {\n // 分配 Tid\n let tid = self.alloc_tid();\n // 修改线程池对应位置的信息\n self.threads[tid] = Some(\n ThreadInfo {\n // 状态:随时准备运行,等待 CPU 资源中\n status: Status::Ready,\n // 传入线程\n thread: Some(_thread),\n }\n );\n // 将线程的 Tid 加入调度器\n // 提醒调度器给这个线程分配 CPU 资源\n self.scheduler.push(tid);\n }\n\n // 从线程池中取一个线程开始运行\n // 线程状态 Ready -> Running\n pub fn acquire(&mut self) -> Option)> {\n // 调用 Scheduler::pop ,从调度算法中获取接下来要运行的 Tid\n if let Some(tid) = self.scheduler.pop() {\n // 获取并更新线程池对应位置的信息\n let mut thread_info = self.threads[tid].as_mut().expect(\"thread not exist!\");\n // 将线程状态改为 Running\n thread_info.status = Status::Running(tid);\n return Some((tid, thread_info.thread.take().expect(\"thread not exist!\")));\n }\n else {\n return None;\n }\n }\n // 这个线程已运行了太长时间或者已运行结束,需要交出CPU资源\n // 但是要提醒线程池它仍需要分配 CPU 资源\n pub fn retrieve(&mut self, tid: Tid, thread: Box) {\n // 线程池位置为空,表明这个线程刚刚通过 exit 退出\n if self.threads[tid].is_none() {\n // 不需要 CPU 资源了,退出\n return;\n }\n // 获取并修改线程池对应位置的信息\n let mut thread_info = self.threads[tid].as_mut().expect(\"thread not exist!\");\n thread_info.thread = Some(thread);\n // 此时状态可能是 Status::Sleeping(线程可能会自动放弃 CPU 资源,进入睡眠状态),\n // 直到被唤醒之前都不必给它分配。\n // 而如果此时状态是Running,就说明只是单纯的耗尽了这次分配CPU资源,但还要占用CPU资源继续执行。\n if let Status::Running(_) = thread_info.status {\n // Running -> Ready\n thread_info.status = Status::Ready;\n // 通知线程池继续给此线程分配资源\n self.scheduler.push(tid);\n }\n }\n // Scheduler 的简单包装:时钟中断时查看当前所运行线程是否要切换出去\n pub fn tick(&mut self) -> bool {\n let ret = self.scheduler.tick();\n ret\n }\n // 这个线程已经退出了,线程状态 Running -> Exited\n pub fn exit(&mut self, tid: Tid) {\n // 清空线程池对应位置\n self.threads[tid] = None;\n // 通知调度器\n self.scheduler.exit(tid);\n }\n}\n\n现在我们有了一个线程池 ThreadPool ,它内含调度器,是一个不错的线程管理器。下一节我们将介绍调度线程 idle 以及调度单元 Processor。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter7/part2.html":{"url":"chapter7/part2.html","title":"内核调度线程 idle","keywords":"","body":"内核调度线程 idle\n\n代码\n\n调度线程 idle 的作用\n调度线程 idle 是一个内核线程,它的作用是\n\n当没有任何其他线程时,idle 线程运行并循环检测是否能从线程池中找到一个可运行的线程,如果能找到的话就切换过去;\n当某个线程被调度器决定交出 CPU 资源并切换出去(如它已运行了很久,或它运行结束)时,并不是直接切换到下一个线程,而是先切换回 idle 线程,随后同样进行上述的循环尝试从线程池中找到一个可运行线程并切换过去。\n\n实现调度线程 idle 的封装准备\nProcessorInner\n在介绍 idle 线程的实现之前,我们先要将 idle 线程所需的各种资源封装在一起:\n// src/process/processor.rs\n// 调度单元 Processor 的内容\npub struct ProcessorInner {\n // 线程池\n pool: Box,\n // idle 线程\n idle: Box,\n // 当前正在运行的线程\n current: Option)>,\n}\n\n我们需要 ProcessorInner 能够被全局访问,因为启动线程和调度线程 idle 以及 idle 所管理的线程都会访问它。在处理这种数据的时候我们需要格外小心。\n  Processor\n我们在第四章内存管理中介绍内存分配器时也曾遇到过同样的情况,我们想要实现 static mut 的效果使得多个线程均可修改,但又要求是线程安全的。当时我们的处理方法是使用 spin::Mutex 上一把锁。这里虽然也可以,但是有些大材小用了。因为这里的情况更为简单一些,所以我们使用下面的方法就足够了。\n\n[info]为何说“这里的情况更简单一些”?\n在处理Processor结构体时,是关闭 CPU 中断的。???\n\n// src/process/processor.rs\npub struct Processor {\n inner: UnsafeCell>,\n}\nunsafe impl Sync for Processor {}\n\n// src/process/mod.rs\nuse processor::Processor;\nstatic CPU: Processor = Processor::new();\n\n这里面我们将实例 CPU 声明为 static 。编译器认为 Processor 不一定能够安全地允许多线程访问,于是声明一个 static 实例是会报错的。\n因此我们为 Processor 实现 Sync Trait 告诉编译器这个结构体可以安全的在多个线程中拥有其值的引用,从而允许多线程访问。你并不需要实现任何方法,因为这只是一个标记。它是 unsafe 的,也就是说编译器认为它也许不是线程安全的,你却信誓旦旦地向它保证了这一点,那么如果出了问题的话就只能靠你自己解决了。\n那么 mut 又在哪里?注意到我们使用 UnsafeCell 来对 ProcessInner 进行了包裹,UnsafeCell 提供了内部可变性 (Interior mutability),即使它本身不是 mut 的,仍能够修改内部所包裹的值。另外还有很多种方式可以提供内部可变性。\n接下来首先来看 Processor 的几个简单的方法:\n// src/process/processor.rs\nimpl Processor {\n // 新建一个空的 Processor\n pub const fn new() -> Processor {\n Processor { inner: UnsafeCell::new(None), }\n }\n // 传入 idle 线程,以及线程池进行初始化\n pub fn init(&self, idle: Box, pool: Box) {\n unsafe {\n *self.inner.get() = Some(\n ProcessorInner {\n pool,\n idle,\n current: None,\n }\n );\n }\n }\n // 内部可变性:获取包裹的值的可变引用\n fn inner(&self) -> &mut ProcessorInner {\n unsafe { &mut *self.inner.get() }\n .as_mut()\n .expect(\"Processor is not initialized!\")\n }\n // 通过线程池新增线程\n pub fn add_thread(&self, thread: Box) {\n self.inner().pool.add(thread);\n }\n}\n\nidle 线程与其他它所管理的线程相比有一点不同之处:它不希望被异步中断打断!否则会产生很微妙的错误。\n尤其是时钟中断,设想一个线程时间耗尽,被切换到 idle 线程进行调度,结果还没完成调度又进入时钟中断开始调度。这种情况想必很难处理。\n为此,在 idle 线程中,我们要关闭所有的中断,同时在在适当的时机恢复中断。下面给出几个函数:\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\n#[inline(always)]\npub fn disable_and_store() -> usize {\n let sstatus: usize;\n unsafe {\n // clear sstatus 的 SIE 标志位禁用异步中断\n // 返回 clear 之前的 sstatus 状态\n asm!(\"csrci sstatus, 1 \n核心函数 idle_main\n接下来,我们来看 idle 线程的最核心函数,也是其入口点:\n// src/process/processor.rs\n\nimpl Processor {\n pub fn idle_main(&self) -> ! {\n let inner = self.inner();\n // 在 idle 线程刚进来时禁用异步中断\n disable_and_store();\n\n loop {\n // 如果从线程池中获取到一个可运行线程\n if let Some(thread) = inner.pool.acquire() {\n // 将自身的正在运行线程设置为刚刚获取到的线程\n inner.current = Some(thread);\n // 从正在运行的线程 idle 切换到刚刚获取到的线程\n println!(\"\\n>>>> will switch_to thread {} in idle_main!\", inner.current.as_mut().unwrap().0);\n inner.idle.switch_to(\n &mut *inner.current.as_mut().unwrap().1\n );\n\n // 上个线程时间耗尽,切换回调度线程 idle\n println!(\"\n如果现在都没有任何可运行线程了,那实际上我们也不会进行任何调度,所以即使遇到了时钟中断我们也不怕。而且此时,进入中断是唯一可能给我们提供一些新的线程运行的手段。\n所以我们打开并默默等待中断的到来。待中断返回后,这时可能有线程能够运行了,我们再关闭中断,进入调度循环。\n中断引发调度\n接下来,看看如何借用时钟中断进行周期性调用Processor的tick方法,实现周期性调度。当产生时钟中断时,中断处理函数rust_trap会进一步调用super_timer函数,并最终调用到Processor的tick方法。下面是`tick``方法的具体实现。\n// src/process/processor.rs\n\nimpl Processor {\n pub fn tick(&self) {\n let inner = self.inner();\n if !inner.current.is_none() {\n // 如果当前有在运行线程\n if inner.pool.tick() {\n // 如果返回true, 表示当前运行线程时间耗尽,需要被调度出去\n\n // 我们要进入 idle 线程了,因此必须关闭异步中断\n // 我们可没保证 switch_to 前后 sstatus 寄存器不变\n // 因此必须手动保存\n let flags = disable_and_store();\n\n // 切换到 idle 线程进行调度\n inner.current\n .as_mut()\n .unwrap()\n .1\n .switch_to(&mut inner.idle);\n\n // 之后某个时候又从 idle 线程切换回来\n // 恢复 sstatus 寄存器继续中断处理\n restore(flags);\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\n从一个被 idle 线程管理的线程的角度来看,从进入时钟中断到发现自己要被调度出去,整个过程都还是运行在这个线程自己身上。随后被切换到 idle 线程,又过了一段时间之后从 idle 线程切换回来,继续进行中断处理。\n当然 idle 线程也会进入时钟中断,但这仅限于当前无任何其他可运行线程的情况下。我们可以发现,进入这个时钟中断并不影响 idle 线程正常运行。\n线程退出\n接下来,一个线程如何通过 Processor 宣称自己运行结束并退出。这个函数也是在该线程自身上运行的。\n// src/process/processor.rs\n\nimpl Processor {\n pub fn exit(&self, code: usize) -> ! {\n // 由于要切换到 idle 线程,必须先关闭时钟中断\n disable_and_store();\n // 由于自己正在执行,可以通过这种方式获取自身的 tid\n let inner = self.inner();\n let tid = inner.current.as_ref().unwrap().0;\n\n // 通知线程池这个线程退出啦!\n inner.pool.exit(tid);\n println!(\"thread {} exited, exit code = {}\", tid, code);\n\n // 切换到 idle 线程决定下一个运行哪个线程\n inner.current\n .as_mut()\n .unwrap()\n .1\n .switch_to(&mut inner.idle);\n\n loop {}\n }\n}\n\n// src/process/mod.rs\n\npub fn exit(code: usize) {\n CPU.exit(code);\n}\n\n至此我们说明了调度线程 idle 以及调度单元 Processor 。但我们之前还挖了一个坑,也就是上一节中,调度算法我们只提供了一个接口但并未提供具体实现。下一节我们就来介绍一种最简单的调度算法实现。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter7/part3.html":{"url":"chapter7/part3.html","title":"线程调度之 Round Robin 算法","keywords":"","body":"线程调度之 Round Robin 算法\n\n代码\n\n时间片轮转调度算法(Round Robin)的基本思想是让每个线程在就绪队列中的等待时间与占用 CPU 的执行时间成正比例。其大致实现是:\n\n将系所有的就绪线程按照 FCFS 原则,排成一个就绪队列。\n每次调度时将 CPU 分派(dispatch)给队首进程,让其执行一个时间片。\n在时钟中断时,统计比较当前线程时间片是否已经用完。\n - 如用完,则调度器(scheduler)暂停当前进程的执行,将其送到就绪队列的末尾,并通过切换执行就绪队列的队首进程。\n - 如没用完,则线程继续使用。\n\n对于不同的调度算法,我们实现了一个调度接口框架如下:\npub trait Scheduler {\n fn push(&mut self, tid: Tid);    //把Tid线程放入就绪队列\n fn pop(&mut self) -> Option;  //从就绪队列取出线程\n fn tick(&mut self) -> bool;     //时钟tick(代表时间片)处理\n fn exit(&mut self, tid: Tid);    //线程退出\n}\n\n时间片轮转调度算法对上述四个函数接口有具体的实现。这里我们直接给出时间片轮转调度算法的实现代码,有兴趣者可自行去研究算法细节。\n// src/process/scheduler.rs\n\nuse alloc::vec::Vec;\n\n#[derive(Default)]\nstruct RRInfo {\n valid: bool,\n time: usize,\n prev: usize,\n next: usize,\n}\n\npub struct RRScheduler {\n threads: Vec,\n max_time: usize,\n current: usize,\n}\n\nimpl RRScheduler {\n // 设置每个线程连续运行的最大 tick 数\n pub fn new(max_time_slice: usize) -> Self {\n let mut rr = RRScheduler {\n threads: Vec::default(),\n max_time: max_time_slice,\n current: 0,\n };\n rr.threads.push(\n RRInfo {\n valid: false,\n time: 0,\n prev: 0,\n next: 0,\n }\n );\n rr\n }\n}\nimpl Scheduler for RRScheduler {\n // 分为 1. 新线程 2. 时间片耗尽被切换出的线程 两种情况\n fn push(&mut self, tid : Tid) {\n let tid = tid + 1;\n if tid + 1 > self.threads.len() {\n self.threads.resize_with(tid + 1, Default::default);\n }\n\n if self.threads[tid].time == 0 {\n self.threads[tid].time = self.max_time;\n }\n\n let prev = self.threads[0].prev;\n self.threads[tid].valid = true;\n self.threads[prev].next = tid;\n self.threads[tid].prev = prev;\n self.threads[0].prev = tid;\n self.threads[tid].next = 0;\n }\n\n fn pop(&mut self) -> Option {\n let ret = self.threads[0].next;\n if ret != 0 {\n let next = self.threads[ret].next;\n let prev = self.threads[ret].prev;\n self.threads[next].prev = prev;\n self.threads[prev].next = next;\n self.threads[ret].prev = 0;\n self.threads[ret].next = 0;\n self.threads[ret].valid = false;\n self.current = ret;\n Some(ret-1)\n }else{\n None\n }\n }\n\n // 当前线程的可用时间片 -= 1\n fn tick(&mut self) -> bool{\n let tid = self.current;\n if tid != 0 {\n self.threads[tid].time -= 1;\n if self.threads[tid].time == 0 {\n return true;\n }else{\n return false;\n }\n }\n return true;\n }\n\n fn exit(&mut self, tid : Tid) {\n let tid = tid + 1;\n if self.current == tid {\n self.current = 0;\n }\n }\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter7/part4.html":{"url":"chapter7/part4.html","title":"线程调度测试","keywords":"","body":"线程调度测试\n\n代码\n\n我们终于可以来测试一下这一章的代码实现的有没有问题了!\n// src/process/mod.rs\n\nuse scheduler::RRScheduler;\nuse thread_pool::ThreadPool;\nuse alloc::boxed::Box;\n\npub fn init() {\n // 使用 Round Robin Scheduler\n let scheduler = RRScheduler::new(1);\n // 新建线程池\n let thread_pool = ThreadPool::new(100, Box::new(scheduler));\n // 新建内核线程 idle ,其入口为 Processor::idle_main\n let idle = Thread::new_kernel(Processor::idle_main as usize);\n // 我们需要传入 CPU 的地址作为参数\n idle.append_initial_arguments([&CPU as *const Processor as usize, 0, 0]);\n // 初始化 CPU\n CPU.init(idle, Box::new(thread_pool));\n\n // 依次新建 5 个内核线程并加入调度单元\n for i in 0..5 {\n CPU.add_thread({\n let thread = Thread::new_kernel(hello_thread as usize);\n // 传入一个编号作为参数\n thread.append_initial_arguments([i, 0, 0]);\n thread\n });\n }\n println!(\"++++ setup process! ++++\");\n}\n\npub fn run() {\n CPU.run();\n}\n\n// src/process/processor.rs\n\nimpl Processor {\n pub fn run(&self) {\n // 运行,也就是从启动线程切换到调度线程 idle\n Thread::get_boot_thread().switch_to(&mut self.inner().idle);\n }\n}\n\n内核线程的入口点是:\n// src/process/mod.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn hello_thread(arg: usize) -> ! {\n println!(\"begin of thread {}\", arg);\n for i in 0..800 {\n print!(\"{}\", arg);\n }\n println!(\"\\nend of thread {}\", arg);\n // 通知 CPU 自身已经退出\n CPU.exit(0);\n loop {}\n}\n\n随后我们在rust_main主函数里添加调用crate::process::init()函数和crate::process::run()函数:\n// src/init.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n crate::interrupt::init();\n\n extern \"C\" {\n fn end();\n }\n crate::memory::init(\n ((end as usize - KERNEL_BEGIN_VADDR + KERNEL_BEGIN_PADDR) >> 12) + 1,\n PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END >> 12\n );\n crate::process::init();\n crate::timer::init();\n crate::process::run();\n loop {}\n}\n\nmake run 一下,终于可以看到结果了!\n这里开始就已经没有确定性的运行显示结果了,一个参考结果如下:\n\n[success] 线程调度成功\n++++ setup interrupt! ++++\nswitch satp from 0x8000000000080221 to 0x8000000000080a37\n++++ setup memory! ++++\n++++ setup process! ++++\n++++ setup timer! ++++\n\n>>>> will switch_to thread 0 in idie_main!\nbegin of thread 0\n0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n000000000000\n>>> will switch_to thread 1 in idie_main!\nbegin of thread 1\n1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111\n1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111\n1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111\n1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111\n1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111\n1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111\n11111111111111111111111\n\n\n我们可以清楚的看到在每一个时间片内每个线程所做的事情。\n如果结果不对的话,这里可以看到至今的所有代码。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter7/part5.html":{"url":"chapter7/part5.html","title":"总结与展望","keywords":"","body":"总结与展望\n这一章我们介绍了如何借助时钟中断实现周期性的线程调度,合理分配 CPU 资源给每个线程。\n我们在后台运行一个内核线程 idle 来进行线程的调度。需要尤其注意异步中断的屏蔽与恢复。\n不过,目前为止我们所涉及到的线程全都是所谓的内核线程,它们共享内核(进程)的资源,也即经过重映射之后的虚拟内存空间。当然,每个线程都有仅属于它们自己的一个内核栈。\n下一章,我们考虑编写并在我们的内核上运行用户态程序。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter8/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter8/introduction.html","title":"第八章:进程","keywords":"","body":"用户进程\n这一章我们终于要在自己的内核上跑用户程序啦!\n本章你将会学到:\n\n使用系统调用为用户程序提供服务\n解析 ELF 格式的用户程序\n为用户程序创建虚拟内存空间\n创建并运行进程\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter8/part1.html":{"url":"chapter8/part1.html","title":"编写用户程序","keywords":"","body":"编写用户程序\n\n代码\n\n本节的工作很类似第一章第四节移除 runtime 依赖的工作,但区别是,第一章第四节移除 runtime 依赖是要完全移除对 runtime 的需求,以构造 OS;而本节需要实现一个支持 U Mode 应用程序的最小 runti m e,这个 runtime 仅仅需要支持很少系统调用访问和基本的动态内存分配。虽然有区别,很多本节很多代码都可以直接参考第一章第四节移除 runtime 依赖的设计思路和代码。\n我们的用户程序一般在 CPU 的用户态 (U Mode) 下执行,而它只能通过执行 ecall 指令,触发 Environment call from U-mode 异常 l 来发出系统服务请求,此时 CPU 进入内核态 (S Mode) ,OS 通过中断服务例程收到请求,执行相应内核服务,并返回到 U Mode。\n这一章中,简单起见,内核和用户程序约定两个系统调用\n\n在屏幕上输出一个字符,系统调用 id=64\\text{id}=64id=64\n退出用户线程,系统调用 id=97\\text{id}=97id=97\n\n创建用户程序模板\n我们的内核能给程序提供的唯一支持就是两个简单的系统调用。\n所以我们的用户程序基本还是要使用前两章的方法,不同的则是要把系统调用加入进去。\n创建 usr 目录,并在 usr 目录下使用 Cargo 新建一个二进制项目,再删除掉默认生成的 usr/rust/src/main.rs 。\n$ mkdir usr; cd usr\n$ cargo new rust --bin\n$ rm usr/rust/src/main.rs\n\n加上工具链\n// usr/rust/rust-toolchain\nnightly\n\n建立最小 Runtime 系统\n访问系统调用\n我们先来看访问系统调用的实现:\n// usr/rust/src/syscall.rs\n\nenum SyscallId {\n Write = 64,\n Exit = 93,\n}\n\n#[inline(always)]\nfn sys_call(\n syscall_id: SyscallId,\n arg0: usize,\n arg1: usize,\n arg2: usize,\n arg3: usize,\n) -> i64 {\n let id = syscall_id as usize;\n let mut ret: i64;\n unsafe {\n asm!(\n \"ecall\"\n : \"={x10}\"(ret)\n : \"{x17}\"(id), \"{x10}\"(arg0), \"{x11}\"(arg1), \"{x12}\"(arg2), \"{x13}\"(arg3)\n : \"memory\"\n : \"volatile\"\n );\n }\n ret\n}\n\npub fn sys_write(ch: u8) -> i64 {\n sys_call(SyscallId::Write, ch as usize, 0, 0, 0)\n}\n\npub fn sys_exit(code: usize) -> ! {\n sys_call(SyscallId::Exit, code, 0, 0, 0);\n loop {}\n}\n\n看起来很像内核中 src/sbi.rs 获取 OpenSBI 服务的代码对不对?其实内核中是在 S Mode 去获取 OpenSBI 提供的 M Mode 服务;这里是用户程序在 U Mode 去获取内核提供的 S Mode 服务。所以看起来几乎一模一样。\n相信内核会给我们提供这两项服务,我们可在用户程序中放心的调用 sys_write, sys_exit 两函数了!\n格式化输出\n接着是一些我们在构建最小化内核时用到的代码,有一些变动,但这里不多加赘述。\n格式化输出代码:\n// usr/rust/src/io.rs\n\nuse crate::syscall::sys_write;\nuse core::fmt::{self, Write};\n\npub fn putchar(ch: char) {\n // 这里 OpenSBI 提供的 console_putchar 不存在了\n // 然而我们有了新的依靠:sys_write\n sys_write(ch as u8);\n}\n//其他部分与os/src/io.rs 一样\n......\n\n语义项支持\n语义项代码:\n// usr/rust/src/lang_items.rs\n......\nuse crate::DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR;\n// 初始化用户堆,用于U Mode中动态内存分配\nfn init_heap() {\n const HEAP_SIZE: usize = 0x1000;\n static mut HEAP: [u8; HEAP_SIZE] = [0; HEAP_SIZE];\n unsafe {\n DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR.lock().init(HEAP.as_ptr() as usize, HEAP_SIZE);\n }\n}\n\n#[panic_handler]\nfn panic(_info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n let location = _info.location().unwrap();\n let message = _info.message().unwrap();\n println!(\n \"\\nPANIC in {} at line {} \\n\\t{}\",\n location.file(),\n location.line(),\n message\n );\n loop {}\n}\n\n// 这里是程序入口\n// 调用 main 函数,并利用 sys_exit 系统调用退出\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn _start(_args: isize, _argv: *const u8) -> ! {\n init_heap();\n sys_exit(main())\n}\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern fn abort() {\n panic!(\"abort\");\n}\n\n#[lang = \"oom\"]\nfn oom(_: Layout) -> ! {\n panic!(\"out of memory!\");\n}\n\n看起来很像内核中 src/lang_item.rs 获取 OpenSBI 服务的代码对不对?其实内核中是在 S Mode 去获取 OpenSBI 提供的 M Mode 服务;这里是用户程序在 U Mode 去获取内核提供的 S Mode 服务。所以看起来几乎一模一样。\n形成 runtime lib\n还有 lib.rs:\n// usr/rust/Cargo.toml\n\n[dependencies]\nbuddy_system_allocator = \"0.3\"\n\n// usr/rust/src/lib.rs\n\n#![no_std]\n#![feature(asm)]\n#![feature(lang_items)]\n#![feature(panic_info_message)]\n#![feature(linkage)]\n\nextern crate alloc;\n\n#[macro_use]\npub mod io;\n\npub mod syscall;\npub mod lang_items;\n\nuse buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n\n#[global_allocator]\nstatic DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap = LockedHeap::empty();\n\n应用程序模板\n现在我们可以将每一个含有 main 函数的 Rust 源代码放在 usr/rust/src/bin 目录下。它们每一个都会被编译成一个独立的可执行文件。\n其模板为:\n// usr/rust/src/bin/model.rs\n\n#![no_std]\n#![no_main]\n\nextern crate alloc;\n\n#[macro_use]\nextern crate user;\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub fn main() -> usize {\n 0\n}\n\n这里返回的那个值即为程序最终的返回值。\nHello World 应用程序\n基于上述应用程序模板,我们可以实现一个最简单的Hello World程序:\n// usr/rust/src/bin/hello_world.rs\n\n#![no_std]\n#![no_main]\n\nextern crate alloc;\n\n#[macro_use]\nextern crate user;\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub fn main() -> usize {\n for _ in 0..10 {\n println!(\"Hello world! from user mode program!\");\n }\n 0\n}\n\n和内核项目一样,这里也创建一个 .cargo/config 文件指定默认的目标三元组。但这次我们就不用自定义链接脚本了,用默认的即可。\n# .cargo/config\n\n[build]\ntarget = \"riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf\"\n\n切换到 usr/rust 目录,就可以进行交叉编译:\n$ cargo build\n\n我们将能够在 usr/rust/target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/hello_world 看到我们编译出来的可执行文件,接下来的问题就是如何把它加载到内核中执行了!\n目前的代码可以在这里找到。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter8/part2.html":{"url":"chapter8/part2.html","title":"在内核中实现系统调用","keywords":"","body":"在内核中实现系统调用\n\n代码\n\n上一节中描述的Hello World应用程序会发出两个系统调用请求,我们的 OS 当然也就需要实现这两个系统调用:\n\n在屏幕上输出一个字符\n结束运行,退出当前线程\n\n改进中断服务例程\n这些功能其实我们的内核都已经实现完毕,因此重点是将系统调用这条调用链建立起来。\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub fn rust_trap(tf: &mut TrapFrame) {\n match tf.scause.cause() {\n ...\n Trap::Exception(Exception::UserEnvCall) => syscall(tf),\n ...\n }\n}\n\n首先是发现中断原因是在用户态执行 ecall 指令时,说明用户程序向我们请求服务,我们转入 syscall 函数。\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\nfn syscall(tf: &mut TrapFrame) {\n // 返回后跳转到 ecall 下一条指令\n tf.sepc += 4;\n let ret = crate::syscall::syscall(\n tf.x[17],\n [tf.x[10], tf.x[11], tf.x[12]],\n tf\n );\n tf.x[10] = ret as usize;\n}\n\n我们从中断帧中取出中断之前的寄存器 a7,a0,a1,a2a_7,a_0,a_1,a_2a​7​​,a​0​​,a​1​​,a​2​​ 的值,分别表示 syscall id 以及传入的参数。这是通过用户态的内联汇编 ecall 传给我们的。\n添加 syscall 处理\n我们将系统调用单开一个模块来实现:\n// src/syscall.rs\n\nuse crate::context::TrapFrame;\nuse crate::process;\n\npub const SYS_WRITE: usize = 64;\npub const SYS_EXIT: usize = 93;\n\npub fn syscall(id: usize, args: [usize; 3], tf: &mut TrapFrame) -> isize {\n match id {\n SYS_WRITE => {\n print!(\"{}\", args[0] as u8 as char);\n 0\n },\n SYS_EXIT => {\n sys_exit(args[0]);\n 0\n },\n _ => {\n panic!(\"unknown syscall id {}\", id);\n },\n }\n}\n\nfn sys_exit(code: usize) {\n process::exit(code);\n}\n\n不必花太多功夫,我们就在内核中支持了两个系统调用!\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter8/part3.html":{"url":"chapter8/part3.html","title":"创建虚拟内存空间","keywords":"","body":"创建虚拟内存空间\n\n代码\n\nELF 文件解析与内存空间创建\n为了能让用户程序运行起来,内核首先要给它分配用户内存空间,即创建一个虚拟内存空间供它使用。由于用户程序要通过中断访问内核的代码,因此它所在的虚拟内存空间必须也包含内核的各代码段和数据段。\nELF 文件与只含有代码和数据的纯二进制文件不同,需要我们手动去解析它的文件结构来获得各段的信息。所幸的是, rust 已经有 crate xmas-elf帮我们实现了这一点。\n\n[info]ELF 执行文件格式\nELF(Executable and Linking Format)文件格式是 Linux 系统下的一种常用目标文件(object file)格式,有三种主要类型,我们主要关注的是用于执行的可执行文件(Executable File)类型,它提供了程序的可执行代码/数据内容,加载的内存空间布局描述等。 这也是本实验的 OS 和应用的执行文件类型。可参考ELF 描述进一步了解相关信息。\n\n对 ELF 文件解析与内存空间创建的处理,需要解析出 ELF 文件中的关键的段(如 code 段、data 段、BSS 段等),并把段的内容拷贝到段设定的地址中,设置好相关属性。这需要对虚拟内存相关的MemorySet 和 MemoryArea 的相关实现进行扩展。具体修改如下:\n解析 ELF 文件\n// src/process/structs.rs\ntrait ElfExt {\n fn make_memory_set(&self) -> MemorySet;\n}\n// 给一个用户程序的ELF可执行文件创建虚拟内存空间\nimpl ElfExt for ElfFile {\n fn make_memory_set(&self) -> MemorySet {\n // MemorySet::new()的实现中已经映射了内核各数据、代码段,以及物理内存段\n // 于是我们只需接下来映射用户程序各段即可\n let mut memory_set = MemorySet::new();\n for ph in self.program_iter() {\n // 遍历各段并依次尝试插入 memory_set\n if ph.get_type() != Ok(Type::Load) {\n continue;\n }\n let vaddr = ph.virtual_addr() as usize;\n let mem_size = ph.mem_size() as usize;\n let data = match ph.get_data(self).unwrap() {\n SegmentData::Undefined(data) => data,\n _ => unreachable!(),\n };\n // 这里在插入一个 MemoryArea 时还需要复制数据\n // 所以我们将 MemorySet 的接口略作修改,最后一个参数为数据源\n memory_set.push(\n vaddr, vaddr + mem_size,\n ph.flags().to_attr(), //将elf段的标志转化为我们熟悉的 MemoryAttr\n ByFrame::new(),\n Some((data.as_ptr() as usize, data.len())),\n );\n }\n memory_set\n }\n}\n......\n\n 建立对应的虚拟内存空间\n我们对 MemorySet 和 MemoryArea 的接口略作修改:\n// src/memory/memory_set/mod.rs\nimpl MemorySet {\n ...\n pub fn push(&mut self, start: usize, end: usize, attr: MemoryAttr, handler: impl MemoryHandler, data: Option) {\n ...\n let area = MemoryArea::new(start, end, Box::new(handler), attr);\n // 首先进行映射\n area.map(&mut self.page_table);\n if let Some((src, length)) = data {\n // 如果传入了数据源\n // 交给 area 进行复制\n area.page_copy(&mut self.page_table, src, length);\n }\n self.areas.push(area);\n }\n ......\n\n// src/memory/memory_set/area.rs\nimpl MemoryArea {\n ...\n pub fn page_copy(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, src: usize, length: usize) {\n let mut l = length;\n let mut s = src;\n for page in PageRange::new(self.start, self.end) {\n // 交给 MemoryHandler 逐页进行复制\n self.handler.page_copy(pt, page, s, l...);\n s += PAGE_SIZE;\n if l >= PAGE_SIZE { l -= PAGE_SIZE; }\n }\n ......\n// src/memory/memory_set/handler.rs\npub trait MemoryHandler: Debug + 'static {\n ...\n fn page_copy(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, va: usize, src: usize, length: usize);\n}\n\nimpl MemoryHandler for Linear {\n ...\n fn page_copy(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, va: usize, src: usize, length: usize) {\n let pa = pt.get_entry(va)...;\n unsafe {\n let dst = core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(va...);\n if length > 0 {\n let src = core::slice::from_raw_parts(src...);\n for i in 0..length { dst[i] = src[i]; }\n }\n for i in length..PAGE_SIZE { dst[i] = 0; }\n }\n }\n}\n\nimpl MemoryHandler for ByFrame {\n ...\n fn page_copy(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, va: usize, src: usize, length: usize) {\n //类似fn page_copy() in mpl MemoryHandler for Linear\n ......\n}\n\n// src/memory/paging.rs\n// 这里有两处要改成 pub ,其他不必做改动\npub struct PageEntry(pub &'static mut PageTableEntry, Page);\n\nimpl PageTableImpl {\n ...\n pub fn get_entry(&mut self, va: usize) -> Option {\n let page = Page::of_addr(VirtAddr::new(va));\n if let Ok(e) = self.page_table.ref_entry(page.clone()) {\n let e = unsafe { &mut *(e as *mut PageTableEntry) };\n self.entry = Some(PageEntry(e, page));\n Some(self.entry.as_mut().unwrap())\n }\n else {\n None\n }\n }\n ...\n}\n\n由于 MemorySet::push 的接口发生的变化,我们要将 ElfExt::make_memory_set 之外的所有 push 调用最后均加上一个 None 参数。\n现在我们就可以从 ElfFile 创建用户程序的虚拟内存空间了。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter8/part4.html":{"url":"chapter8/part4.html","title":"创建进程","keywords":"","body":"创建并运行进程\n\n代码\n\n我们已经能建立应用程序了,内核也能够为应用程序建立用户态虚拟内存空间了。那离在自己的内核上跑运行在用户态的应用程序还缺啥?其实我们到了最后一步--创建进程!\n\n[info]线程与进程进阶\n我们在第六章内核线开始部分简单介绍过进程,线程,以及二者的关系。现在要在 OS 中创建进程了,当然需要对进程有进一步的深入了解。\n进程表示正在运行程序,包括代码,数据,堆和栈。在大多数的进程实现中(但并非总是如此),每个进程都有自己的虚拟地址空间(即,自己的逻辑地址到物理内存的映射)和自己的系统资源集(如文件,环境变量等)。每个进程都有多个线程是很普遍的。这样,就有一个进程来维护地址空间,并有多个线程来控制进程的执行。\n线程是进程的控制流程。线程可以是“用户级别”(即进程处理自身内的多个线程,不用 OS 知道与参与)或“内核级别”(即通过 OS 的调度程序来调度多个线程。忘了?回忆一下第七章线程调度)。来自同一进程的两个线程自然会共享相同的代码和全局数据以及进程的系统资源,但是会具有不同的堆栈。以使它们不会干扰彼此的局部变量,并且可能具有自己的函数调用链。\n代表进程控制流程的线程一般在用户模式(RISC-V 的 U Mode)下运行。当需要操作系统服务时,线程会执行系统服务请求命令,从而从用户模式切换到了内核模式(RISC-V 的 S Mode),由 OS 进行完成服务后,再返回到用户模式让线程继续执行。由于 OS 要应对不同线程的请求,所以在内核中,需要为每个线程准备好一个内核模式下的栈。所以在用户模式下的线程(简称用户线程)需要有两个栈(用户模式栈和内核模式栈)。\n\n用户线程\n创建用户线程主体\n用户线程的指令流来自于应用程序的代码段,全局变量等数据来自应用程序的数据段,所以需要解析应用程序 ELF 执行文件的内容,获取这些内容,并放到页表项 USER 位属性都是1的虚拟内存空间中(上一节就是干的这个事情,现在只需调用一下即可)。然后再创建用户模式栈和内核模式栈(注意,虽然都是内存,但它们的页表项的 USER 位属性是不同的)。\n// src/process/structs.rs\n\nimpl Thread {\n // 新建内核线程\n // 传入参数为链接在内核中的用户程序\n pub unsafe fn new_user(data: &[u8]) -> Box {\n // 确认合法性\n let elf = ElfFile::new(data).expect(\"failed to analyse elf!\");\n\n match elf.header.pt2.type_().as_type() {\n header::Type::Executable => {\n println!(\"it really a executable!\");\n },\n header::Type::SharedObject => {\n panic!(\"shared object is not supported!\");\n },\n _ => {\n panic!(\"unsupported elf type!\");\n }\n }\n // 获取入口点\n let entry_addr = elf.header.pt2.entry_point() as usize;\n // 为用户程序创建新的虚拟内存空间\n let mut vm = elf.make_memory_set();\n\n // 创建用户栈\n let mut ustack_top = {\n // 这里我们将用户栈固定在虚拟内存空间中的某位置\n let (ustack_bottom, ustack_top) = (USER_STACK_OFFSET, USER_STACK_OFFSET + USER_STACK_SIZE);\n // 将用户栈插入虚拟内存空间\n vm.push(\n ustack_bottom,\n ustack_top,\n // 注意这里设置为用户态\n MemoryAttr::new().set_user(),\n ByFrame::new(),\n None,\n );\n ustack_top\n };\n\n // 创建内核栈\n let kstack = KernelStack::new();\n\n Box::new(\n Thread {\n context: Context::new_user_thread(entry_addr, ustack_top, kstack.top(), vm.token()),\n kstack: kstack,\n }\n )\n }\n}\n\n// src/consts.rs\n\npub const USER_STACK_SIZE: usize = 0x80000;\npub const USER_STACK_OFFSET: usize = 0xffffffff00000000;\n\n现在大概可以理解用户线程为何在中断时要从用户栈切换到内核栈了。如果不切换,内核的处理过程会留在用户栈上,使用用户程序可能访问到,这显然是很危险的。\n初始化内核栈\n用跟内核线程一样的方法进行线程栈上内容的初始化,注意切换过程总是在内核态执行的(无论是切换到 idle ,还是切换回来),因此栈上的内容要压到内核栈上。但是通过 __trapret 返回时却要将 sp\\text{sp}sp 设置为用户栈。\n// src/context.rs\n\nimpl Context {\n ...\n pub unsafe fn new_user_thread(\n entry: usize,\n ustack_top: usize,\n kstack_top: usize,\n satp: usize\n ) -> Self {\n // 压到内核栈\n ContextContent::new_user_thread(entry, ustack_top, satp).push_at(kstack_top)\n }\n}\n\nimpl ContextContent {\n fn new_user_thread(\n entry: usize,\n ustack_top: usize,\n satp: usize\n ) -> Self {\n ContextContent {\n ra: __trapret as usize,\n satp,\n s: [0; 12],\n tf: {\n let mut tf: TrapFrame = unsafe { zeroed() };\n // 利用 __trapret 返回后设置为用户栈\n tf.x[2] = ustack_top;\n // 设置 sepc 从而在 sret 之后跳转到用户程序入口点\n tf.sepc = entry;\n tf.sstatus = sstatus::read();\n tf.sstatus.set_spie(true);\n tf.sstatus.set_sie(false);\n // 设置 sstatus 的 spp 字段为 User\n // 从而在 sret 之后 CPU 的特权级将变为 U Mode\n tf.sstatus.set_spp(sstatus::SPP::User);\n tf\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\n现在我们的用户线程就创建完毕了。我们赶快把它跟我们之前创建的那些内核线程一起运行一下吧。\n 创建用户线程\n在创建完 555 个内核线程之后,我们创建自己的用户线程:\n// src/process/mod.rs\n\npub fn init() {\n ...\n extern \"C\" {\n fn _user_img_start();\n fn _user_img_end();\n }\n let data = unsafe {\n core::slice::from_raw_parts(\n _user_img_start as *const u8,\n _user_img_end as usize - _user_img_start as usize,\n )\n };\n let user_thread = unsafe { Thread::new_user(data) };\n CPU.add_thread(user_thread);\n ...\n}\n\n同时,我们要修改一下构建内核的 Makefile ,将用户程序链接进去,用之前提到的方法:\n# Makefile\n...\n.PHONY: kernel build clean qemu run\n\n# 新增\nexport USER_IMG = usr/rust/target/riscv64-rust/debug/hello_world\n\nkernel:\n @cargo xbuild --target $(target).json\n...\n\n现在我们 make run 运行一下试试看,发现内核线程与用户线程能够在一起很好的工作了!\n$ make run\n......\n>>> will switch_to thread 5 in idle_main!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nthread 5 exited, exit code = 0\n\n\n至今为止的所有代码可以在这里找到。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter8/part5.html":{"url":"chapter8/part5.html","title":"总结与展望","keywords":"","body":"总结与展望\n这一章我们成功在内核上跑起来了我们自己的用户程序!\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter9/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter9/introduction.html","title":"第九章:文件系统","keywords":"","body":"第九章:文件系统\n本章概要\n之前我们只能在内核代码中硬编码跑什么用户程序,现在我们实现一个简单的终端,可以由我们自己输入跑什么程序!这说明我们要同时将多个程序组成的镜像链接进内核,于是我们使用文件系统来打包镜像,在内核中解析镜像取出单个用户程序。\n本章你将会学到:\n\n为文件系统开发最简单的设备驱动\n如何实现线程的阻塞与唤醒\n用缓冲区描述标准输入,并利用线程阻塞提高 CPU 利用率\n实现用户态终端程序\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter9/part1.html":{"url":"chapter9/part1.html","title":"使用文件系统","keywords":"","body":"使用文件系统\n\n代码\n\n打包磁盘文件\n首先我们将所有编译出来的用户程序放在 usr/build/riscv64/rust 文件夹下,并将 usr/build/riscv64 文件夹里面的内容使用 rcore-fs-fuse工具 打包成一个磁盘文件,由于选用不同的文件系统磁盘文件的布局会不同,我们这里选用一个简单的文件系统 SimpleFileSystem(简称SFS)。\n磁盘文件布局为:里面只有一个 rust 文件夹,里面放着若干用户程序。\n我们写一个 Makefile 来完成编译及打包操作:\n# usr/Makefile\n\ntarget := riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf\nmode := debug\nrust_src_dir := rust/src/bin\nrust_target_dir := rust/target/$(target)/$(mode)\nrust_srcs := $(wildcard $(rust_src_dir)/*.rs)\nrust_targets := $(patsubst $(rust_src_dir)/%.rs, $(rust_target_dir)/%, $(rust_srcs))\nout_dir := build/riscv64\nsfsimg := build/riscv64.img\n.PHONY: rcore-fs-fuse rust user_img clean\n\nrcore-fs-fuse:\nifeq ($(shell which rcore-fs-fuse),)\n @echo Installing rcore-fs-fuse\n @cargo install rcore-fs-fuse --git https://github.com/rcore-os/rcore-fs --rev d8d6119\nendif\n\nrust:\n @cd rust && cargo build\n @echo targets includes $(rust_targets)\n @rm -rf $(out_dir)/rust && mkdir -p $(out_dir)/rust\n @rm -f $(sfsimg)\n @cp $(rust_targets) $(out_dir)/rust\n\n$(sfsimg): rcore-fs-fuse rust\n @rcore-fs-fuse --fs sfs $@ $(out_dir) zip\n\nuser_img: $(sfsimg)\n\nclean:\n @rm -rf build/\n\n上面的脚本如没理解,没有关系,只要我们知道使用 make user_img 即可将磁盘打包到 usr/build/riscv64.img 。\n随后,将内核的 Makefile 中链接的文件从原来的可执行改为现在的磁盘镜像,这样就可以把 OS 和riscv64.img文件系统合并在一起了。\n# Makefile\n\n# export USER_IMG = usr/rust/target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/hello_world\n# 改成:\nexport USER_IMG = usr/build/riscv64.img\n\n实现磁盘设备驱动\n首先引入 rust 文件系统的 crate :\n// Cargo.toml\n\nrcore-fs = { git = \"https://github.com/rcore-os/rcore-fs\", rev = \"d8d61190\" }\nrcore-fs-sfs = { git = \"https://github.com/rcore-os/rcore-fs\", rev = \"d8d61190\" }\n\n我们知道文件系统需要用到块设备驱动来控制底层的块设备(比如磁盘等)。但是这里我们还是简单暴力的将磁盘直接链接到内核中,因此这里的磁盘设备其实就是一段内存模拟的。这可比实现真实磁盘驱动要简单多了!但是,我们还是需要按照Device接口read_at、write_at和sync去实现。\n// src/fs/device.rs\npub struct MemBuf(RwLock); //一块用于模拟磁盘的内存\nimpl MemBuf {\n // 初始化参数为磁盘的头尾虚拟地址\n pub unsafe fn new(begin: usize, end: usize) -> Self {\n use core::slice;\n MemBuf(\n // 我们使用读写锁\n // 可以有多个线程同时获取 & 读\n // 但是一旦有线程获取 &mut 写,那么其他所有线程都将被阻塞\n RwLock::new(\n slice::from_raw_parts_mut( begin as *mut u8, end - begin)))\n ...\n\n// 作为文件系统所用的设备驱动,只需实现下面三个接口\n// 而在设备实际上是内存的情况下,实现变的极其简单\nimpl Device for MemBuf {\n fn read_at(&self, offset: usize, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result {\n let slice = self.0.read();\n let len = buf.len().min(slice.len() - offset);\n buf[..len].copy_from_slice(&slice[offset..offset + len]);\n Ok(len)\n }\n fn write_at(&self, offset: usize, buf: &[u8]) -> Result {\n let mut slice = self.0.write();\n let len = buf.len().min(slice.len() - offset);\n slice[offset..offset + len].copy_from_slice(&buf[..len]);\n Ok(len)\n }\n fn sync(&self) -> Result {\n Ok(())\n }\n}\n\n打开 SFS 文件系统\n在运行 OS 之前,我们已经通过rcore-fs-fuse工具 把包含用户程序的多个文件打包成一个 SimpleFileSystem格式的磁盘文件riscv64.img。bootloader 启动后,把 OS 和 riscv64.img 加载到内存中了。在初始化阶段,OS 为了能够读取riscv64.img,需要使用rcore_fs_sfs::SimpleFileSystem::open(device)方法打开磁盘并进行初始化,这样后续就可以读取文件系统中的目录和文件了。\n// src/fs/mod.rs\nlazy_static! {\n pub static ref ROOT_INODE: Arc = {\n // 创建内存模拟的\"磁盘\"设备\n let device = {\n ...\n let start = _user_img_start as usize;\n let end = _user_img_end as usize;\n Arc::new(unsafe { device::MemBuf::new(start, end) })\n };\n // 由于我们在打包磁盘文件时就使用 SimpleFileSystem\n // 所以我们必须使用简单文件系统 SimpleFileSystem 打开该设备进行初始化\n let sfs = SimpleFileSystem::open(device).expect(\"failed to open SFS\");\n // 返回该文件系统的根 INode\n sfs.root_inode()\n };\n}\n\npub trait INodeExt {\n fn read_as_vec(&self) -> Result>;\n}\n\nimpl INodeExt for dyn INode {\n // 将这个 INode 对应的文件读取到一个数组中\n fn read_as_vec(&self) -> Result> {\n let size = self.metadata()?.size;\n let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(size);\n unsafe { buf.set_len(size); //??? }\n self.read_at(0, buf.as_mut_slice())?;\n Ok(buf)\n }\n}\n\npub fn init() {\n println!(\"available programs in rust/ are:\");\n let mut id = 0;\n // 查找 rust 文件夹并返回其对应的 INode\n let mut rust_dir = ROOT_INODE.lookup(\"rust\").unwrap();\n // 遍历里面的文件并输出\n // 实际上打印了所有 rust 目录下的用户程序\n while let Ok(name) = rust_dir.get_entry(id) {\n id += 1;\n println!(\" {}\", name);\n }\n println!(\"++++ setup fs! ++++\")\n}\n\n\n[info]lazy_static! 宏\n这里的 lazy_static! 宏指的是等到实际用到的时候再对里面的全局变量进行初始化,而非在编译时初始化。\n这通常用于不可变的某全局变量初始化依赖于运行时的某些东西,故在编译时无法初始化;但是若在运行时修改它的值起到初始化的效果,那么由于它发生了变化不得不将其声明为 static mut,众所周知这是 unsafe 的,即使不会出问题也很不优雅。在这种情况下,使用 lazy_static! 就是一种较为理想的方案。\n\n加载并运行用户程序\n那么现在我们就可以用另一种方式加载用户程序了!\n// src/process/mod.rs\n\nuse crate::fs::{\n ROOT_INODE,\n INodeExt\n};\n\npub fn init() {\n ...\n let data = ROOT_INODE\n .lookup(\"rust/hello_world\")\n .unwrap()\n .read_as_vec()\n .unwrap();\n let user_thread = unsafe { Thread::new_user(data.as_slice()) };\n CPU.add_thread(user_thread);\n ...\n}\n\n当然,别忘了在这之前初始化文件系统!\n// src/init.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n crate::interrupt::init();\n\n extern \"C\" {\n fn end();\n }\n crate::memory::init(\n ((end as usize - KERNEL_BEGIN_VADDR + KERNEL_BEGIN_PADDR) >> 12) + 1,\n PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END >> 12\n );\n crate::fs::init();\n crate::process::init();\n crate::timer::init();\n crate::process::run();\n loop {}\n}\n\n我们使用 make run 运行一下,可以发现程序的运行结果与上一节一致。\n如果运行有问题的话,可以在这里找到代码。\n只不过,我们从文件系统解析出要执行的程序。我们可以看到 rust 文件夹下打包了哪些用户程序:\n\n[success] 磁盘打包与解析\navailable programs in rust/ are:\n .\n ..\n model\n hello_world\n\n\n但是现在问题在于我们运行什么程序是硬编码到内核中的。我们能不能实现一个交互式的终端,告诉内核我们想要运行哪个程序呢?接下来我们就来做这件事情!\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter9/part2.html":{"url":"chapter9/part2.html","title":"实现记事本","keywords":"","body":"实现记事本\n\n代码\n\n为了实现上节中交互式终端的目标,先不管运行程序,我们首先要能够通过键盘向终端程序中输入。也就是说,我们要实现一个用户程序,它能够接受键盘的输入,并将键盘输入的字符显示在屏幕上。这不能叫一个终端,姑且叫它记事本吧。\n这个用户程序需要的功能是:接受键盘输入(可以被称为“标准输入”)的一个字符。\n为此我们需约定这样一个系统调用:\n\n文件读入,系统调用 id=63\\text{id}=63id=63\n\n我们先在用户程序模板中声明该系统调用:\n// usr/rust/src/syscall.rs\n\nenum SyscallId {\n Read = 63,\n}\n\npub fn sys_read(fd: usize, base: *const u8, len: usize) -> i64 {\n sys_call(SyscallId::Read, fd, base as usize, len, 0)\n}\n\n这里的系统调用接口设计上是一个记事本所需功能更强的文件读入:传入的参数中,fd 表示文件描述符,base 表示要将读入的内容保存到的虚拟地址,len 表示最多读入多少字节。其返回值是成功读入的字节数。\n方便起见,我们还是将这个系统调用封装一下来实现我们所需的功能。\n// usr/rust/src/io.rs\n\nuse crate::syscall::sys_read;\n\n// 每个进程默认打开三个文件\n// 标准输入 stdin fd = 0\n// 标准输出 stdout fd = 1\n// 标准错误输出 stderr fd = 2\npub const STDIN: usize = 0;\n\n// 调用 sys_read 从标准输入读入一个字符\npub fn getc() -> u8 {\n let mut c = 0u8;\n assert_eq!(sys_read(STDIN, &mut c, 1), 1);\n c\n}\n\n接下来我们可以利用 getc 着手实现我们的记事本了!\n// usr/rust/src/bin/notebook.rs\n\n#![no_std]\n#![no_main]\n\n#[macro_use]\nextern crate user;\n\nuse rust::io::getc;\n\nconst LF: u8 = 0x0au8;\nconst CR: u8 = 0x0du8;\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub fn main() {\n println!(\"Welcome to notebook!\");\n loop {\n let c = getc();\n match c {\n LF | CR => {\n print!(\"{}\", LF as char);\n print!(\"{}\", CR as char)\n }\n _ => print!(\"{}\", c as char)\n }\n }\n}\n\n很简单,就是将接受到的字符打印到屏幕上。\n看一下 getc 的实现,我们满怀信心 sys_read 的返回值是 111 ,也就是确保一定能够读到字符。不过真的是这样吗?\n缓冲区\n实际上,我们用一个缓冲区来表示标准输入。你可以将其看作一个字符队列。\n\n键盘是生产者:每当你按下键盘,所对应的字符会加入队尾;\nsys_read 是消费者:每当调用 sys_read 函数,会将队头的字符取出,并返回。\n\n在 sys_read 的时候,如果队列不是空的,那么一切都好;如果队列是空的,由于它要保证能够读到字符,因此它只能够等到什么时候队列中加入了新的元素再返回。\n而这里的“等”,又有两种等法:\n最简单的等法是:在原地 while (q.empty()) {} 。也就是知道队列非空才跳出循环,取出队头的字符并返回。\n另一种方法是:当 sys_read 发现队列是空的时候,自动放弃 CPU 资源进入睡眠(或称阻塞)状态,也就是从调度单元中移除当前所在线程,不再参与调度。而等到某时刻按下键盘的时候,发现有个线程在等着这个队列非空,于是赶快将它唤醒,重新加入调度单元,等待 CPU 资源分配过来继续执行。\n后者相比前者的好处在于:前者占用了 CPU 资源却不干活,只是在原地等着;而后者虽然也没法干活,却很有自知之明的把 CPU 资源让给其他线程使用,这样就提高了 CPU 的利用率。\n我们就使用后者来实现 sys_read 。\n条件变量\n这种线程将 CPU 资源放弃,并等到某个条件满足才准备继续运行的机制,可以使用条件变量 (Condition Variable) 来描述。而它的实现,需要依赖几个新的线程调度机制。\n// src/process/mod.rs\n\n// 当前线程自动放弃 CPU 资源并进入阻塞状态\n// 线程状态: Running(Tid) -> Sleeping\npub fn yield_now() {\n CPU.yield_now();\n}\n// 某些条件满足,线程等待 CPU 资源从而继续执行\n// 线程状态: Sleeping -> Ready\npub fn wake_up(tid: Tid) {\n CPU.wake_up(tid);\n}\n// 获取当前线程的 Tid\npub fn current_tid() -> usize {\n CPU.current_tid()\n}\n\n// src/process/processor.rs\n\nimpl Processor {\n ...\n pub fn yield_now(&self) {\n let inner = self.inner();\n if !inner.current.is_none() {\n unsafe {\n // 由于要进入 idle 线程,必须关闭异步中断\n // 手动保存之前的 sstatus\n let flags = disable_and_store();\n let tid = inner.current.as_mut().unwrap().0;\n let thread_info = inner.pool.threads[tid].as_mut().expect(\"thread not existed when yielding\");\n // 修改线程状态\n thread_info.status = Status::Sleeping;\n // 切换到 idle 线程\n inner.current\n .as_mut()\n .unwrap()\n .1\n .switch_to(&mut *inner.idle);\n\n // 从 idle 线程切换回来\n // 恢复 sstatus\n restore(flags);\n }\n }\n }\n\n pub fn wake_up(&self, tid: Tid) {\n let inner = self.inner();\n inner.pool.wakeup(tid);\n }\n\n pub fn current_tid(&self) -> usize {\n self.inner().current.as_mut().unwrap().0 as usize\n }\n}\n\n// src/process/thread_pool.rs\n\n// 改成 public\npub struct ThreadInfo {\n // 改成 public\n pub status: Status,\n pub thread: Option>,\n}\n\npub struct ThreadPool {\n // 改成 public\n pub threads: Vec>,\n scheduler: Box,\n}\n\nimpl ThreadPool {\n ...\n pub fn wakeup(&mut self, tid: Tid) {\n let proc = self.threads[tid].as_mut().expect(\"thread not exist when waking up\");\n proc.status = Status::Ready;\n self.scheduler.push(tid);\n }\n}\n\n下面我们用这几种线程调度机制来实现条件变量。\n// src/lib.rs\n\nmod sync;\n\n// src/sync/mod.rs\n\npub mod condvar;\n\n// src/sync/condvar.rs\n\nuse spin::Mutex;\nuse alloc::collections::VecDeque;\nuse crate::process::{ Tid, current_tid, yield_now, wake_up };\n\n#[derive(Default)]\npub struct Condvar {\n // 加了互斥锁的 Tid 队列\n // 存放等待此条件变量的众多线程\n wait_queue: Mutex>,\n}\n\nimpl Condvar {\n pub fn new() -> Self {\n Condvar::default()\n }\n\n // 当前线程等待某种条件满足才能继续执行\n pub fn wait(&self) {\n // 将当前 Tid 加入此条件变量的等待队列\n self.wait_queue\n .lock()\n .push_back(current_tid());\n // 当前线程放弃 CPU 资源\n yield_now();\n }\n\n // 条件满足\n pub fn notify(&self) {\n // 弹出等待队列中的一个线程\n let tid = self.wait_queue.lock().pop_front();\n if let Some(tid) = tid {\n // 唤醒该线程\n wake_up(tid);\n }\n }\n}\n\n讲清楚了机制,下面我们看一下具体实现。\n缓冲区实现\n// src/fs/mod.rs\n\npub mod stdio;\n\n// src/fs/stdio.rs\n\nuse alloc::{ collections::VecDeque, sync::Arc };\nuse spin::Mutex;\nuse crate::process;\nuse crate::sync::condvar::*;\nuse lazy_static::*;\n\npub struct Stdin {\n // 字符队列\n buf: Mutex>,\n // 条件变量\n pushed: Condvar,\n}\n\nimpl Stdin {\n pub fn new() -> Self {\n Stdin {\n buf: Mutex::new(VecDeque::new()),\n pushed: Condvar::new(),\n }\n }\n\n // 生产者:输入字符\n pub fn push(&self, ch: char) {\n // 将字符加入字符队列\n self.buf\n .lock()\n .push_back(ch);\n // 如果此时有线程正在等待队列非空才能继续下去\n // 将其唤醒\n self.pushed.notify();\n }\n\n // 消费者:取出字符\n // 运行在请求字符输入的线程上\n pub fn pop(&self) -> char {\n loop {\n // 将代码放在 loop 里面防止再复制一遍\n\n // 尝试获取队首字符\n let ret = self.buf.lock().pop_front();\n match ret {\n Some(ch) => {\n // 获取到了直接返回\n return ch;\n },\n None => {\n // 否则队列为空,通过 getc -> sys_read 获取字符的当前线程放弃 CPU 资源\n // 进入阻塞状态等待唤醒\n self.pushed.wait();\n\n // 被唤醒后回到循环开头,此时可直接返回\n }\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nlazy_static! {\n pub static ref STDIN: Arc = Arc::new(Stdin::new());\n}\n\n生产者:键盘中断\n首先我们要能接受到外部中断,而 OpenSBI 默认将外部中断和串口开关都关上了,因此我们需要手动将他们打开:\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\nuse crate::memory::access_pa_via_va;\nuse riscv::register::sie;\n\npub fn init() {\n ...\n\n // enable external interrupt\n sie::set_sext();\n\n // closed by OpenSBI, so we open them manually\n // see https://github.com/rcore-os/rCore/blob/54fddfbe1d402ac1fafd9d58a0bd4f6a8dd99ece/kernel/src/arch/riscv32/board/virt/mod.rs#L4\n init_external_interrupt();\n enable_serial_interrupt();\n}\n\npub unsafe fn init_external_interrupt() {\n let HART0_S_MODE_INTERRUPT_ENABLES: *mut u32 = access_pa_via_va(0x0c00_2080) as *mut u32;\n const SERIAL: u32 = 0xa;\n HART0_S_MODE_INTERRUPT_ENABLES.write_volatile(1 \n这里的内存尚未被映射,我们在内存模块初始化时完成映射:\n// src/memory/mod.rs\n\npub fn kernel_remap() {\n let mut memory_set = MemorySet::new();\n\n extern \"C\" {\n fn bootstack();\n fn bootstacktop();\n }\n memory_set.push(\n bootstack as usize,\n bootstacktop as usize,\n MemoryAttr::new(),\n Linear::new(PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET),\n None,\n );\n memory_set.push(\n access_pa_via_va(0x0c00_2000),\n access_pa_via_va(0x0c00_3000),\n MemoryAttr::new(),\n Linear::new(PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET),\n None\n );\n memory_set.push(\n access_pa_via_va(0x1000_0000),\n access_pa_via_va(0x1000_1000),\n MemoryAttr::new(),\n Linear::new(PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET),\n None\n );\n\n unsafe {\n memory_set.activate();\n }\n}\n\n也因此,内存模块要比中断模块先初始化。\n// src/init.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n extern \"C\" {\n fn end();\n }\n crate::memory::init(\n ((end as usize - KERNEL_BEGIN_VADDR + KERNEL_BEGIN_PADDR) >> 12) + 1,\n PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END >> 12\n );\n crate::interrupt::init();\n crate::fs::init();\n crate::process::init();\n crate::timer::init();\n crate::process::run();\n loop {}\n}\n\n随后,我们对外部中断进行处理:\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub fn rust_trap(tf: &mut TrapFrame) {\n ...\n Trap::Interrupt(Interrupt::SupervisorExternal) => external(),\n ...\n}\n\nfn external() {\n // 键盘属于一种串口设备,而实际上有很多种外设\n // 这里我们只考虑串口\n let _ = try_serial();\n}\n\nfn try_serial() -> bool {\n // 通过 OpenSBI 获取串口输入\n match super::io::getchar_option() {\n Some(ch) => {\n // 将获取到的字符输入标准输入\n if (ch == '\\r') {\n crate::fs::stdio::STDIN.push('\\n');\n }\n else {\n crate::fs::stdio::STDIN.push(ch);\n }\n true\n },\n None => false\n }\n}\n\n// src/io.rs\n\npub fn getchar() -> char {\n let c = sbi::console_getchar() as u8;\n\n match c {\n 255 => '\\0',\n c => c as char\n }\n}\n// 调用 OpenSBI 接口\npub fn getchar_option() -> Option {\n let c = sbi::console_getchar() as isize;\n match c {\n -1 => None,\n c => Some(c as u8 as char)\n }\n}\n\n消费者:sys_read 实现\n这就很简单了。\n// src/syscall.rs\n\npub const SYS_READ: usize = 63;\n\npub fn syscall(id: usize, args: [usize; 3], tf: &mut TrapFrame) -> isize {\n match id {\n SYS_READ => {\n sys_read(args[0], args[1] as *mut u8, args[2])\n }\n ...\n }\n}\n\n// 这里 fd, len 都没有用到\nfn sys_read(fd: usize, base: *mut u8, len: usize) -> isize {\n unsafe {\n *base = crate::fs::stdio::STDIN.pop() as u8;\n }\n return 1;\n}\n\n这里我们要写入用户态内存,但是 CPU 默认并不允许在内核态访问用户态内存,因此我们要在内存初始化的时候将开关打开:\n// src/memory/mod.rs\n\nuse riscv::register::sstatus;\n\npub fn init(l: usize, r: usize) {\n unsafe {\n sstatus::set_sum();\n }\n // 以下不变\n FRAME_ALLOCATOR.lock().init(l, r);\n init_heap();\n\n kernel_remap();\n\n println!(\"++++ setup memory! ++++\");\n}\n\n现在我们可以将要运行的程序从 rust/hello_world 改成 rust/notebook 了!\n将多余的线程换入换出提示信息删掉,运行一下,我们已经实现了字符的输入及显示了!可以享受输入带来的乐趣了!(大雾\n如果记事本不能正常工作,可以在这里找到已有的代码。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter9/part3.html":{"url":"chapter9/part3.html","title":"实现终端","keywords":"","body":"实现终端\n\n代码\n\n我们的终端也很简单:其功能为你输入想要执行的用户程序如 rust/hello_world ,随后按下回车,内核就会帮你执行这个程序。\n所以,我们需要实现一个新的系统调用:\n\n执行程序,系统调用 id=221\\text{id} = 221id=221\n\n终端的实现基于上一节所讲的记事本:\n// usr/rust/src/bin/user_shell.rs\n\n#![no_std]\n#![no_main]\n#![feature(alloc)]\n\nextern crate alloc;\n\n#[macro_use]\nextern crate user;\n\nconst LF: u8 = 0x0au8;\nconst CR: u8 = 0x0du8;\n\nuse rust::io::getc;\nuse rust::syscall::sys_exec;\nuse alloc::string::String;\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub fn main() {\n println!(\"Rust user shell\");\n // 保存本行已经输入的内容\n let mut line: String = String::new();\n print!(\">> \");\n loop {\n let c = getc();\n match c {\n LF | CR => {\n // 如果遇到回车或换行\n println!(\"\");\n if !line.is_empty() {\n println!(\"searching for program {}\", line);\n // 使用系统调用执行程序\n sys_exec(line.as_ptr());\n // 清空本行内容\n line.clear();\n }\n print!(\">> \");\n },\n _ => {\n // 否则正常输入\n print!(\"{}\", c as char);\n line.push(c as char);\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\n以及用户态的系统调用\n// usr/rust/src/syscall.rs\n\nenum SyscallId {\n ...\n Exec = 221,\n}\n\n// 传入路径字符串的地址\npub fn sys_exec(path: *const u8) {\n sys_call(SyscallId::Exec, path as usize, 0, 0, 0);\n}\n\n那我们如何在内核中实现这个系统调用呢?大概流程是:\n\n解析传入的路径字符串\n创建一个对应的用户线程,并加入调度\n\n现在的问题是我们只有一个输出即输出到屏幕,如果用户线程和终端线程同时运行,他们输出的信息会混杂在一起让我们很难区分。因此我们的做法是:借用上一节阻塞的方法,当终端线程准备启动其他用户线程时,它会放弃 CPU 资源进入阻塞状态;直到被启动的用户线程结束后才唤醒启动它的终端线程。这样就可解决这个问题。\n但是也不必使用上一节中的条件变量,我们在线程结构体中加入:\n// src/process/structs.rs\n\npub struct Thread {\n ...\n pub wait: Option,\n}\n\n这表示正在等待这个线程运行结束的线程 Tid 。在线程退出时:\n// src/process/processor.rs\n\nimpl Processor {\n pub fn exit(&self, code: usize) -> ! {\n disable_and_store();\n let inner = self.inner();\n let tid = inner.current.as_ref().unwrap().0;\n\n inner.pool.exit(tid);\n println!(\"thread {} exited, exit code = {}\", tid, code);\n\n // 加入这个判断\n // 如果有一个线程正在等待当前线程运行结束\n // 将其唤醒\n if let Some(wait) = inner.current.as_ref().unwrap().1.wait {\n inner.pool.wakeup(wait);\n }\n\n inner.current\n .as_mut()\n .unwrap()\n .1\n .switch_to(&mut inner.idle);\n\n loop {}\n }\n}\n\n由于 Thread 的字段发生了变化,之前所有创建 Thread 的代码都要做出相应的修改,将 wait 字段的值设置为 None 即可。新建用户线程时,要新加入一个参数 wait_thread 。\n// src/process/structs.rs\n\nimpl Thread {\n pub fn new_kernel(entry: usize) -> Box {\n unsafe {\n let kstack_ = KernelStack::new();\n Box::new(Thread {\n context: Context::new_kernel_thread(entry, kstack_.top(), satp::read().bits()),\n kstack: kstack_,\n wait: None\n })\n }\n }\n pub fn get_boot_thread() -> Box {\n Box::new(Thread {\n context: Context::null(),\n kstack: KernelStack::new_empty(),\n wait: None\n })\n }\n pub unsafe fn new_user(data: &[u8], wait_thread: Option) -> Box {\n ...\n Box::new(\n Thread {\n context: Context::new_user_thread(entry_addr, ustack_top, kstack.top(), vm.token()),\n kstack: kstack,\n proc: Some(\n Arc::new(\n Process {\n vm: Arc::new(vm)\n }\n ),\n ),\n wait: wait_thread\n }\n )\n ...\n }\n}\n\n现在我们在内核中实现该系统调用:\n// src/syscall.rs\n\npub const SYS_EXEC: usize = 221;\n\npub fn syscall(id: usize, args: [usize; 3], tf: &mut TrapFrame) -> isize {\n match id {\n ...\n SYS_EXEC => {\n sys_exec(args[0] as *const u8)\n },\n ...\n }\n}\n\npub unsafe fn from_cstr(s: *const u8) -> &'static str {\n use core::{ slice, str };\n // 使用迭代器获得字符串长度\n let len = (0usize..).find(|&i| *s.add(i) == 0).unwrap();\n str::from_utf8(slice::from_raw_parts(s, len)).unwrap()\n}\n\nfn sys_exec(path: *const u8) -> isize {\n let valid = process::execute(unsafe { from_cstr(path) }, Some(process::current_tid()));\n // 如果正常执行,则阻塞终端线程,等到启动的这个用户线程运行结束\n if valid { process::yield_now(); }\n // 不能正常执行,直接返回;或者被启动线程结束后唤醒终端线程之后返回\n return 0;\n}\n\n// src/process/mod.rs\n\n// 返回值表示是否正常执行\npub fn execute(path: &str, host_tid: Option) -> bool {\n let find_result = ROOT_INODE.lookup(path);\n match find_result {\n Ok(inode) => {\n let data = inode.read_as_vec().unwrap();\n // 这里创建用户线程时,传入 host_tid\n let user_thread = unsafe { Thread::new_user(data.as_slice(), host_tid) };\n CPU.add_thread(user_thread);\n true\n },\n Err(_) => {\n // 如果找不到路径字符串对应的用户程序\n println!(\"command not found!\");\n false\n }\n }\n}\n\n这样我们在线程初始化中直接调用这个封装好的函数就好了。\n// src/process/mod.rs\n\npub fn init() {\n ...\n execute(\"rust/user_shell\", None);\n ...\n}\n\n这里虽然还是将 rust/user_shell 硬编码到内核中,但是好歹它可以交互式运行其他程序了!\n试一试运行 rust/hello_world ,它工作的很好;rust/notebook 也不赖,但是我们没有实现 Ctrl+c 的功能,因此就无法从记事本中退出了。随便输入一个不存在的程序,终端也不会崩溃,而是会提示程序不存在!\n所有的代码可以在这里找到。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter9/part4.html":{"url":"chapter9/part4.html","title":"总结与展望","keywords":"","body":"总结与展望\n感谢你,能陪我们一直走到这里。\n不过这仅仅是一个开始,我们现在只涉及了很少一部分内容。像是进程与进程间通信、多核支持、为真实设备开发驱动等等都是需要我们继续探索的。\n但愿这篇小小的 tutorial ,能给你带来一点小小的帮助!\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter10/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter10/introduction.html","title":"第十章:同步互斥","keywords":"","body":"\ngraph TB\n subgraph dependence\n interrupt\n thread\n end\n subgraph sync\n SpinLock --> interrupt\n Condvar --> SpinLock\n Condvar --> thread\n Mutex --> Condvar\n Monitor --> Condvar\n Semaphore --> Condvar\n Semaphore --> SpinLock\n end\n subgraph test\n Dining_Philosophers --> Mutex\n Dining_Philosophers --> Monitor\n end\n\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter13/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter13/introduction.html","title":"第十三章:线程管理:fork and execute","keywords":"","body":"第十三章:线程管理:fork and execute\n\n本章概要\nsys_fork 用于复制当前线程,sys_exec 用于将一个线程的内容修改为一个新的程序。在 99% 的情况下,fork 之后会立刻调用 exec 。Linux 便是这样创建线程的。\n\n有没有觉得这样创建线程十分别扭,明明在前面的章节我们已经能够通过 new_user_thread 创建新线程了。。。\n\n本章你将会学到:\n\nfork 的功能\n如何描述一个正在运行的线程\n如何完全复制一个正在运行的线程\nTODO:写 execute\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter13/part1.html":{"url":"chapter13/part1.html","title":"fork 介绍","keywords":"","body":"fork 介绍\nfork 的功能是复制一个运行中的程序,具体来说就是一个程序在某一时刻发起 sys_fork 进入中断,由操作系统将此时的程序复制。从中断返回后,两个程序都会继续执行 fork 的下一条指令。\nfork 产生的新线程,除了返回值不一样,其它都完全一样。通过返回值,我们可以让两个线程进行不同的操作。\nfork 的返回值:\n\n如果是父线程(原线程),则返回子线程(新线程)的 tid\n如果是子线程(新线程),则 0\n\n规范和细节听起来很麻烦,我们直接看例子:\n\n程序\n\npub fn main() -> usize {\n println!(\"{}\", sys_get_tid());\n let tid = sys_fork();\n let tid = sys_fork();\n if tid == 0 {\n println!(\"I am child\");\n } else {\n println!(\"I am father\");\n }\n println!(\"ret tid is: {}\", tid);\n 0\n}\n\n\n输出\n\n1\nI am child\nret tid is: 0\nthread 3 exited, exit code = 0\nI am father\nret tid is: 3\nthread 2 exited, exit code = 0\nI am child\nret tid is: 0\nthread 4 exited, exit code = 0\nI am father\nret tid is: 4\nthread 1 exited, exit code = 0\n\n从结果来看,一共退出了四次程序,所以一共进行了三次 fork :\n\n第三行,thread 1 fork 产生 thread 2\nthread 1 执行第四行,产生 thread 3\nthread 2 执行第四行,产生 thread 4\n\n除了 thread 1 多输出一个 1 ,其它线程都只输出两行,以及一行程序退出时由操作系统输出的信息。可以看出 thread 1 和 thread 2 都声称自己是 father ,这是由于它们在第四行 fork 之后,分别成为了 thread 3 和 thread 4 的 father 。需要注意的是,thread 1 还是 thread 2 的 father 哦。至于线程的执行顺序,那就看调度器算法咯。。。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter13/part2.html":{"url":"chapter13/part2.html","title":"fork 实现思路","keywords":"","body":"fork 实现思路\n在前面的章节,我们就已经实现了 Thread 结构体,为了满足新的需求,我们需要加上一行:\n+ use alloc::sync::Arc;\n+ use spin::Mutex;\n\npub struct Thread {\n pub context: Context, // 程序切换产生的上下文所在栈的地址(指针)\n pub kstack: KernelStack, // 保存程序切换产生的上下文的栈\n pub wait: Option, // 等待队列\n+ pub vm: Option>>, // 页表\n}\n\n为什么需要保存一个页表呢?这是因为 fork 复制了当前线程,这包括了它的运行栈。这里的运行栈就包括在了页表里。由于我们使用了虚拟地址,所以只要保证访问的虚拟地址能映射到正确的物理地址即可。所以,为了能够知道原线程都用了哪些虚拟地址,我们需要保存每一个线程的页表,供其它线程复制。\n由于只有用户程序会进行 fork ,所以我们只为用户程序保存 vm ,内核线程的 vm 直接赋为 None 。\n\nstruct.rs\n\nimpl Thread {\n pub fn new_kernel(entry: usize) -> Box {\n unsafe {\n let kstack_ = KernelStack::new();\n Box::new(Thread {\n context: Context::new_kernel_thread(entry, kstack_.top(), satp::read().bits()),\n kstack: kstack_,\n wait: None,\n vm: None,\n })\n }\n }\n\n pub fn get_boot_thread() -> Box {\n Box::new(Thread {\n context: Context::null(),\n kstack: KernelStack::new_empty(),\n wait: None,\n vm: None,\n })\n }\n\n pub unsafe fn new_user(data: &[u8], wait_thread: Option) -> Box {\n ...\n Box::new(Thread {\n context: Context::new_user_thread(entry_addr, ustack_top, kstack.top(), vm.token()),\n kstack: kstack,\n wait: wait_thread,\n vm: Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(vm))),\n })\n }\n}\n\n复制线程的工作看起来十分简单,把所有东西都 clone 一遍就好了:\n\nstruct.rs\n\nuse crate::context::{Context, TrapFrame};\n\nimpl Thread {\n /// Fork a new process from current one\n pub fn fork(&self, tf: &TrapFrame) -> Box {\n let kstack = KernelStack::new(); // 分配新的栈\n let vm = self.vm.as_ref().unwrap().lock().clone(); // 为变量分配内存,将虚拟地址映射到新的内存上(尚未实现)\n let vm_token = vm.token();\n let context = unsafe { Context::new_fork(tf, kstack.top(), vm_token) }; // 复制上下文到 kernel stack 上(尚未实现)\n Box::new(Thread {\n context,\n kstack,\n wait: self.wait.clone(),\n vm: Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(vm))),\n })\n }\n}\n\n线程的 tid 是在 thread_pool.add 里进行分配的,由于 fork 需要为父线程返回子线程的 tid ,所以这里需要为 thread_pool.add 增加返回值:\n\nprocess/mod.rs\n\npub fn add_thread(thread: Box) -> usize {\n CPU.add_thread(thread)\n}\n\n\nprocess/processor.rs\n\npub fn add_thread(&self, thread: Box) -> Tid {\n self.inner().pool.add(thread)\n}\n\n\nprocess/thread_pool.rs\n\npub fn add(&mut self, _thread: Box) -> Tid {\n let tid = self.alloc_tid();\n self.threads[tid] = Some(ThreadInfo {\n status: Status::Ready,\n thread: Some(_thread),\n });\n self.scheduler.push(tid);\n return tid;\n}\n\n最后,实现 syscall 的代码就只有下面十几行:\n\nprocess/mod.rs\n\npub fn current_thread() -> &'static Box {\n CPU.current_thread()\n}\n\n\nprocess/processor\n\nimpl Processor {\n pub fn current_thread(&self) -> &Box {\n &self.inner().current.as_mut().unwrap().1\n }\n}\n\n\nsyscall.rs\n\npub const SYS_FORK: usize = 57;\n\npub fn syscall(id: usize, args: [usize; 3], tf: &mut TrapFrame) -> isize {\n match id {\n SYS_FORK => sys_fork(tf),\n ...\n }\n}\n\nfn sys_fork(tf: &mut TrapFrame) -> isize {\n let new_thread = process::current_thread().fork(tf);\n let tid = process::add_thread(new_thread);\n tid as isize\n}\n\n\n吐槽一下,我最开始写 current_thread 的时候,返回的时候需要 clone 一下,感觉这样安全一些,省的外部不小心把 thread 修改了。\n结果这导致了一个很严重而且很隐蔽的问题:thread 的 kernel stack 被释放了。。。\n花了半天才找到问题,这是由于 Thread 有一个成员 kernel stack ,kernel stack 实现了 Drop trait ,析构的时候会把占用的内存一起释放掉。\n而由于 kernel stack 存的是指针(首地址) ,clone 后的指针和原指针指向的是同一个地方!\n所以在析构的时候,会把原来的 stack 也释放了。。。\nawsl\n\nanyway ,fork 的实现思路大概就是这样。注意到前面有几个标注了“尚未实现”的函数,接下来我们来实现它们。\n\n出于偷懒我并没有维护这两个线程的父子关系,感兴趣的同学可以自 bang 行 wo 实现(逃\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter13/part3.html":{"url":"chapter13/part3.html","title":"复制线程上下文","keywords":"","body":"复制线程上下文\n这个比较简单,先写这个吧。\n\ncontext.rs\n\nimpl Context {\n pub unsafe fn new_fork(tf: &TrapFrame, kstack_top: usize, satp: usize) -> Context {\n ContextContent::new_fork(tf, kstack_top, satp)\n }\n}\n\nimpl ContextContent {\n unsafe fn new_fork(tf: &TrapFrame, kstack_top: usize, satp: usize) -> Context {\n ContextContent {\n ra: __trapret as usize,\n satp,\n s: [0; 12],\n tf: {\n let mut tf = tf.clone();\n // fork function's ret value, the new process is 0\n tf.x[10] = 0; // a0\n tf\n },\n }\n .push_at(kstack_top)\n }\n}\n\n由于将 ra 赋值为 __trapret ,所以在 switch 最后执行 ret 的时候,内核会跳转到 __trapret ,因为 tf 保存了所有的上下文(包含了 s[0..12]),所以无需在 new_fork 中为 s 寄存器赋值。\n将复制好的上下文放入新创建的 kstack 就可以啦。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter13/part4.html":{"url":"chapter13/part4.html","title":"复制页表","keywords":"","body":"复制页表\n前面我们使用了 MemorySet.clone ,但是我们并没有实现。实际上页表的复制并不像一般的元素那样简单。要做的事情有:\n\n创建一个新的页目录\n原线程每有一个页,就为新新线程分配一个页\n页的内容进行复制并映射\n\nmemory/memory_set/mod.rs\n\n\nuse crate::memory::paging::{PageRange, PageTableImpl};\n\nimpl MemorySet {\n pub fn clone(&mut self) -> Self {\n // 创建一个新的页目录\n let mut new_page_table = PageTableImpl::new_bare();\n let Self {\n ref mut page_table,\n ref areas,\n ..\n } = self;\n // 遍历自己的所有页面\n for area in areas.iter() {\n for page in PageRange::new(area.start, area.end) {\n // 创建一个新的页\n // 将原页的内容复制到新页,同时进行映射\n area.handler\n .clone_map(&mut new_page_table, page_table, page, &area.attr);\n }\n }\n MemorySet {\n areas: areas.clone(),\n page_table: new_page_table,\n }\n }\n}\n\n修改一下 MemoryArea 成员的访问权限:\n\nmemory/memory_set/area.rs\n\npub struct MemoryArea {\n pub start: usize,\n pub end: usize,\n pub handler: Box,\n pub attr: MemoryAttr,\n}\n\n对于内核,我们采用线性映射。而对于用户程序,我们采用普通映射,即物理地址和虚拟地址没有什么关系,虚拟地址对应的物理内存无法通过简单计算得出,必须通过页表转换,所以所有程序的 handler 都是 ByFrame 类型而不是 Linear 类型。\n在 self.map 中,会分配一个物理帧,并将其映射到指定的虚拟页上。然后将原页面的内容读出,复制到新页面上。这样,新旧线程访问同一个虚拟地址的时候,真实访问到的就是不同物理地址下相同数值的对象:\n\nmemory/memory_set/handler.rs\n\nimpl MemoryHandler for ByFrame {\n fn clone_map(\n &self,\n pt: &mut PageTableImpl,\n src_pt: &mut PageTableImpl,\n vaddr: usize,\n attr: &MemoryAttr,\n ) {\n self.map(pt, vaddr, attr);\n let data = src_pt.get_page_slice_mut(vaddr);\n pt.get_page_slice_mut(vaddr).copy_from_slice(data);\n }\n}\n\n但是有一个问题,我们如果读取到原页表里的元素呢?我们现在在内核里,内核使用的是线性映射。所以我们需要:\n\n通过复杂的过程通过原页表得到虚拟地址对应的物理地址\n将这个物理地址转换为内核可访问的虚拟地址\n\n上面的两步就是 get_page_slice_mut 做的事情,然后它把得到的虚拟地址转换成 u8 数组(方便操作):\n\nmemory/paging.rs\n\nimpl PageTableImpl {\n pub fn get_page_slice_mut(&mut self, vaddr: usize) -> &'a mut [u8] {\n let frame = self\n .page_table\n .translate_page(Page::of_addr(VirtAddr::new(vaddr)))\n .unwrap();\n let vaddr = frame.start_address().as_usize() + PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET;\n unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(vaddr as *mut u8, 0x1000) }\n }\n}\n\n\ntranslate_page 不是我实现的,我也懒得看具体细节了,反正用着挺好使,不管了(x)\n\n最后要在 MemoryHandler 中声明 clone_map 成员函数,同时为 Linear 实现 clone_map :\n\nmemory/memory_set/handler.rs\n\npub trait MemoryHandler: Debug + 'static {\n ...\n fn clone_map(\n &self,\n 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数调用过程中极其重要。你也可以理解为什么第一章刚开始我们就要分配栈了。",",告诉",",和线程并没有关系。因此,我们使用线程池",",回忆上一章,我们为了移除运行时环境依赖,重写了",",因为",",因为它在整个程序",",因此",",因此在可执行文件中只需记录这个段的大小以及所在位置即可,而不用记录里面的数据。",",因此当",",因此,我们只要将虚拟地址减去",",在那里我们仅仅只是让它死循环。但是现在,类似",",在里面定义线程结构体",",如果",",它们分别代表接口可能所需的三个输入参数(arg0,arg1,arg2),以及用来区分我们调用的是哪个接口的",",它内含调度器,是一个不错的线程管理器。下一节我们将介绍调度线程",",它工作的很好;rust/notebook",",它描述一个实际可用的虚拟地址空间以供程序使用。",",它是编译器内部所需的特殊函数或类型。刚才的",",它本应代表启动线程。但是身处启动线程中,我们如何构造一个",",完成初始化后会跳转到",",寄存器",",将用户程序链接进去,用之前提到的方法:",",将这个类实例化,并使用语义项",",就会进入",",就得到了物理地址。",",就说明我们之前做的事情没有问题。如果想进一步了解上面例子中的内联汇编(\"asm!\"),请参考",",得到的甚至不是一条合法指令的开头,而是下一条指令正中间的地址!这样当然有问题了。",",我们即将面对这一章中的最后一个错误!",",我们可以把它看成一个以字节为单位的大数组,通过物理地址找到对应的位置进行读写。但是,物理地址并不仅仅只能访问物理内存,也可以用来访问其他的外设,因此你也可以认为物理内存也算是一种外设。",",我们可能在很多地方看到过这个单词。不过在内联汇编中,主要意思是告诉编译器,不要将内联汇编代码移动到别的地方去。我们知道,编译器通常会对翻译完的汇编代码进行优化,其中就包括对指令的位置进行调换。像这种情况,调换可能就会产生我们预期之外的结果。谨慎起见,我们针对内联汇编禁用这一优化。",",我们将要实现的",",我们希望这个函数可以为我们设置内核的运行环境(不妨称为",",我们知道的是寄存器",",我们需要支持这么两个函数:",",所以在",",所以我们只为用户程序保存",",所以这里需要为",",接着跳转到一个固定地址",",操作系统为",",改成",",文档上说这表示这个页表项指向下一级页表,我们先暂时记住就好。",",来以不同的方式调用页表",",析构的时候会把占用的内存一起释放掉。",",物理地址为",",由于将中断帧的",",确保编译器生成一个名为",",编译器会自动在函数开头为我们插入设置寄存器、栈(比如保存",",编译器会自动生成代码在调用前后帮我们保存、恢复所有的",",而他们会用不同的方式调用",",而用一个",",而这需要操作系统的支持。",",能给你带来一点小小的帮助!",",虚拟页号为",",表明这个页表项指向下一级页表。在这里三级和二级页表项的",",表示单个映射。里面分别保存了一个页表项",",让我们先看看它的文件类型:",",设三级页表的物理页号为",",该实例会调用",",说明交换前",",说明它们映射到物理内存的方式一定是不同的:",",说明它指向一个空页表,然后理所当然是新建一个二级页表,申请一个物理页帧放置它,然后修改三级页表项的物理页号字段为这个二级页表所在的物理页号,然后进入这个二级页表进入下一级处理...",",还是切换回来),因此栈上的内容要压到内核栈上。但是通过",",这个函数负责在程序",",这个默认目标三元组的确描述了本平台。",",这导致",",这是因为在",",这是由于它们在第四行",",这是线程池给线程分配的。",",这样会跳转到返回之后的第一条指令。",",这样我们只需总共占用",",这次我们真的要以一页",",这用来告诉编译器汇编代码隐式的修改了在汇编代码中未曾出现的某些寄存器。所以,它也不能认为汇编代码中未出现的寄存器就会在内联汇编前后保持不变了。",",通过自检后会跳转到",",遇到中断的时候硬件根据中断原因就会自动跳转到对应的中断处理程序了;",",那么将其映射到物理页号的流程如下:",",里面包含了一些以",",随后按下回车,内核就会帮你执行这个程序。",",随后进入死循环",",需要修改)",",需要到",":",";",";not",";还有栈顶的位置:即",";链接方式为","?迄今为止的代码可以在这里找到,请参考。","m"],"pipeline":["stopWordFilter","stemmer"]},"store":{"./":{"url":"./","title":"Introduction","keywords":"","body":"rCore Tutorial\n这是一个展示如何从零开始用 Rust 语言写一个基于 64 位 RISC-V 架构的操作系统的教程。完成这个教程后,你将可以在内核上运行用户态终端,并在终端内输入命令运行其他程序。\n代码仓库\n左侧章节目录中含有一对方括号\"[ ]\"的小节表示这是一个存档点,即这一节要对最近几节的代码进行测试。所以我们对每个存档点都设置了一个 commit 保存其完整的状态以供出现问题时参考。\n与章节相对应的代码可以很容易的找到。章节标题下提供了指向下一个存档点代码状态的链接。\n阅读在线文档并进行实验\n\n实验 ppt: rcore step-by-step tutorial\n实验文档:rcore step-by-step tutorial\n实验代码:rcore step-by-step code\n\n评论区\n对于章节内容有任何疑问及建议,请在对应页面最下面的评论区中发表观点。注意需要用 Github ID 登录后才能评论。\n好了,那就让我们正式开始!\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter0/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter0/introduction.html","title":"第零章:实验环境说明","keywords":"","body":"第零章:实验环境说明\n本章概要\n这一章主要包括:\n\n在线实验环境的使用说明\ndocker 实验环境的使用说明\n本地实验环境的使用说明\n\n下面的实验环境建立方式由简单到相对复杂一些,同学们可以基于自己的情况选择合适的实验方式。\n在线环境下运行实验\n目前在线实验环境是基于实验楼的在线实验环境。用户只需有一个能够上网的 browser 即可进行实验。首先需要在实验楼上注册一个账号,然后在rcore 在线实验环境的网页上输入验证码:wfkblCQp 就可以进入在线的实验环境。尝试执行下面的命令就开始进行实验了。\n# 编译\ncd rCore_tutorial; git checkout master; make all\n# 运行\nmake run\n\ndocker 环境下运行实验\n我们支持 docker 环境下进行实现,在 docker hub 上已有可用的 docker 环境,在当前目录下运行 make docker 将会从云端拉取 docker 镜像,并将当前目录挂载到 /mnt 位置。\n# 启动docker环境\nmake docker # 会进入docker中的终端\ncd /mnt\n# 然后可以进行编译/qemu中运行实验。例如:\n# 编译用户态app组成的image\ncd usr\nmake user_img\n# 编译内核\ncd ../os\nmake build\n# 运行\nmake run\n\n如有兴趣,也可以自行构建/调整 docker 镜像,相关的 Dockerfile 文件在当前目录下,我们提供了 make docker_build 命令来帮助构建,详情请看 Dockerfile 和 Makefile\n本地 Linux 环境下运行实验\n我们也支持本地 Linux 环境下开展实验,不过需要提前安装相关软件包,如 rustc nightly,qemu-4.1.0+,device-tree-compiler 等(后续章节会提供安装教程)。具体细节可参考 支持 docker 建立的 Dockerfile 和 支持 github 自动测试的 main.yml 。假定安装好了相关软件,直接只需下面的命令,即可进行实验:\n# 在把实验代码下载到本地\ngit clone https://github.com/rcore-os/rCore_tutorial.git\n# 编译\ncd rCore_tutorial; git checkout master; make all\n# 运行\nmake run\n# 如果一切正常,则qemu模拟的risc-v64计算机将输出\n\nOpenSBI v0.4 (Jul 2 2019 11:53:53)\n ____ _____ ____ _____\n / __ \\ / ____| _ \\_ _|\n | | | |_ __ ___ _ __ | (___ | |_) || |\n | | | | '_ \\ / _ \\ '_ \\ \\___ \\| _ >\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter1/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter1/introduction.html","title":"第一章:独立式可执行程序","keywords":"","body":"第一章:独立化可执行程序\n本章概要\n这一章你将会学到:\n\n安装 nightly Rust\n使用 cargo(包管理器) 创建 Rust 项目\n移除 Rust 程序对操作系统的依赖,构建一个独立化可执行的程序\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter1/part1.html":{"url":"chapter1/part1.html","title":"安装 nightly rust","keywords":"","body":"安装 nightly Rust\n\n代码\n\n我们首先使用如下命令安装 Rust 工具链管理器 rustup 和 Rust 包管理器 cargo:\n$ curl https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh\n\nRust 包含:stable、beta、nightly 三个版本。默认情况下我们安装的是 stable 稳定版。由于在编写操作系统时需要使用 Rust 的一些不稳定的实验功能,因此我们使用 nightly 每日构建版。\n但是,由于官方不保证 nightly 版本的 ABI 稳定性,也就意味着今天写的代码用未来的 nightly 可能无法编译通过,因此一般在使用 nightly 时应该锁定一个日期。\n我们在工作目录下创建一个名为 rust-toolchain 的文件,并在其中写入所需的工具链版本:\nnightly-2020-01-27\n今后所有在这个目录下使用 Rust 时都会自动切换到这个版本的工具链。\n\n随着日后的更新,后面的日期可能会变化,请以 GitHub 上的版本为准\n\n我们可以使用 rustc --version 或者 rustup show 查看当前 Rust 的版本,确认我们已经切换到了 nightly 版本。\n$ rustc --version\nrustc 1.42.0-nightly (6d3f4e0aa 2020-01-25)\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter1/part2.html":{"url":"chapter1/part2.html","title":"使用包管理器 cargo 创建 rust binary 项目","keywords":"","body":"使用包管理器 cargo 创建 Rust binary 项目\n\n代码\n\n使用 cargo new 创建一个新的 Rust binary 项目,命令如下:\n$ cargo new os --bin\n\n\n\n\ncargo new 的参数\n含义\n\n\n\n\nos\n项目的名称\n\n\n--bin\n可执行项目,和其相对的是库项目 --lib\n\n\n\n创建完成后,整个项目的文件结构如下:\nos\n├── Cargo.toml 项目配置文件\n└── src 源代码路径\n └── main.rs 源程序\n接下来我们进入 os 项目文件夹,并尝试构建、运行项目:\n$ cargo run\n ...\nHello, world!\n\n打开 os/src/main.rs 发现里面确实只是输出了一行 Hello, world! 。这个应用可以正常运行,但是即使只是这么一个简单的功能,也离不开所在操作系统(Ubuntu)的帮助。我们既然要写一个新的操作系统,就不能依赖于任何已有操作系统!接下来我们尝试移除该应用对于操作系统的依赖。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter1/part3.html":{"url":"chapter1/part3.html","title":"移除标准库依赖","keywords":"","body":"移除标准库依赖\n\n代码\n\n项目默认是链接 rust 标准库 std 的,它依赖于操作系统,因此我们需要显式将其禁用:\n// src/main.rs\n// 之后出现的所有代码块内的路径都放在 os 文件夹下\n\n#![no_std]\nfn main() {\n println!(\"Hello, world!\");\n}\n\n我们使用 cargo build 构建项目,会出现下面的错误:\n\n[danger] cargo build error\nerror: cannot find macro `println` in this scope\n --> src/main.rs:3:5\n |\n3 | println!(\"Hello, world!\");\n | ^^^^^^^\nerror: `#[panic_handler]` function required, but not found\nerror: language item required, but not found: `eh_personality\n\n\n接下来,我们依次解决这些问题。\nprintln!\n第一个错误是说 println! 宏未找到,实际上这个宏属于 Rust 标准库 std,由于它被我们禁用了当然就找不到了。我们暂时将其删除,之后给出不依赖操作系统的实现。\n\n[info] println!哪里依赖了操作系统\n这个宏会输出到 标准输出 ,而这需要操作系统的支持。\n\npanic_handler\n第二个错误是说需要一个函数作为 panic_handler ,这个函数负责在程序 panic 时调用。它默认使用标准库 std 中实现的函数,由于我们禁用了标准库,因此只能自己实现它:\n// src/main.rs\n\nuse core::panic::PanicInfo;\n// This function is called on panic.\n#[panic_handler]\nfn panic(_info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n loop {}\n}\n\n\n[info] panic\npanic 在 Rust 中表明程序遇到了不可恢复的错误,只能被迫停止运行。\n\n程序在 panic 后就应该结束,不过我们暂时先让这个 handler 卡在一个死循环里。因此这个 handler 不会结束,我们用!类型的返回值表明这个函数不会返回。\n这里我们用到了核心库 core ,与标准库 std 不同,这个库不需要操作系统的支持,下面我们还会与它打交道。\neh_personality\n第三个错误提到了语义项 (language item) ,它是编译器内部所需的特殊函数或类型。刚才的 panic_handler 也是一个语义项,我们要用它告诉编译器当程序 panic 之后如何处理。\n而这个错误相关语义项 eh_personality ,其中 eh 是 exception handling 的缩写,它是一个标记某函数用来实现 堆栈展开 处理功能的语义项。这个语义项也与 panic 有关。\n\n[info] 堆栈展开 (stack unwinding) \n通常,当程序出现了异常 (这里指类似 Java 中层层抛出的异常),从异常点开始会沿着 caller 调用栈一层一层回溯,直到找到某个函数能够捕获 (catch) 这个异常。这个过程称为 堆栈展开。\n当程序出现不可恢复错误时,我们需要沿着调用栈一层层回溯上去回收每个 caller 中定义的局部变量 避免造成内存溢出 。这里的回收包括 C++ 的 RAII 的析构以及 Rust 的 drop。\n而在 Rust 中,panic 证明程序出现了不可恢复错误,我们则会对于每个 caller 函数调用依次这个被标记为堆栈展开处理函数的函数。\n这个处理函数是一个依赖于操作系统的复杂过程,在标准库中实现,我们禁用了标准库使得编译器找不到该过程的实现函数了。\n\n简单起见,我们暂时不考虑内存溢出,设置当程序 panic 时不做任何清理工作,直接退出程序即可。这样堆栈展开处理函数不会被调用,编译器也就不会去寻找它的实现了。\n因此,我们在项目配置文件中直接将 dev (use for cargo build) 和 release (use for cargo build --release) 的 panic 的处理策略设为 abort。\n// Cargo.toml\n\n[profile.dev]\npanic = \"abort\"\n\n[profile.release]\npanic = \"abort\"\n\n此时,我们 cargo build ,但是又出现了新的错误...\n\n[danger] cargo build error\nerror: requires `start` lang_item\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter1/part4.html":{"url":"chapter1/part4.html","title":"移除 runtime 依赖","keywords":"","body":"移除 runtime 依赖\n\n代码\n\n对于大多数语言,他们都使用了 运行时系统(runtime system) ,这导致 main 并不是他们执行的第一个函数。\n以 Rust 语言为例:一个典型的链接了标准库的 Rust 程序会首先跳转到 C runtime library 中的 crt0(C runtime zero) 进入 C runtime 设置 C 程序运行所需要的环境(比如:创建堆栈,设置寄存器参数等)。\n然后 C runtime 会跳转到 Rust runtime 的 入口点(entry point) 进入 Rust runtime 继续设置 Rust 运行环境,而这个入口点就是被 start 语义项标记的。Rust runtime 结束之后才会调用 main 进入主程序。\nC runtime 和 Rust runtime 都需要标准库支持,我们的程序无法访问。如果覆盖了 start 语义项,仍然需要 crt0,并不能解决问题。所以需要重写覆盖 crt0 入口点:\n// src/main.rs\n\n#![no_std] // don't link the Rust standard library\n#![no_main] // disable all Rust-level entry points\n\nuse core::panic::PanicInfo;\n// This function is called on panic.\n#[panic_handler]\nfn panic(_info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n loop {}\n}\n\n#[no_mangle] // don't mangle the name of this function\npub extern \"C\" fn _start() -> ! {\n // this function is the entry point, since the linker looks for a function named `_start` by default\n loop {}\n}\n\n我们加上 #![no_main] 告诉编译器我们不用常规的入口点。\n同时我们实现一个 _start 函数,并加上 #[no_mangle] 告诉编译器对于此函数禁用 name mangling ,确保编译器生成一个名为 _start 的函数,而非为了保证函数名字唯一性而生成的形如 _ZN3blog_os4_start7hb173fedf945531caE 乱码般的名字。由于 _start 是大多数系统的默认入口点名字,所以我们要确保它不会发生变化。\n接着,我们使用 extern \"C\" 描述 _start 函数,这是 Rust 中的 FFI (Foreign Function Interface, 语言交互接口) 语法,表示此函数是一个 C 函数而非 Rust 函数。由于 _start 是作为 C runtime 的入口点,看起来合情合理。\n返回值类型为 ! 表明这个函数不允许返回。由于这个函数被操作系统或 bootloader 直接调用,这样做是必须的。为了从入口点函数退出,我们需要通过 exit 系统调用,但我们目前还没法做到这一步,因此就让它在原地转圈吧。\n由于程序会一直停在 C runtime crt0 的入口点,我们可以移除没用的 main 函数,并加上 ![no_main] 表示不用不使用普通的入口点那套理论。\n再次 cargo build ,我们即将面对这一章中的最后一个错误!\n\n[danger] cargo build error\nlinking with `cc` failed: exit code: 1\n\n这个错误同样与 C runtime 有关,尽管 C runtime 的入口点已经被我们覆盖掉了,我们的项目仍默认链接 C runtime,因此需要一些 C 标准库 (libc) 的内容,由于我们禁用了标准库,我们也同样需要禁用常规的 C 启动例程。\n将 cargo build 换成以下命令:\n\n[success] build passed\n$ cargo rustc -- -C link-arg=-nostartfiles\nCompiling os v0.1.0 ...\nFinished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 4.87s\n\n\n我们终于构建成功啦!虽然最后这个命令之后并不会用到,但是暂时看到了一个 success 不也很好吗?\n构建得到的可执行文件位置放在 os/target/debug/os 中。\n迄今为止的代码可以在这里找到,构建出现问题的话可以参考。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter1/part5.html":{"url":"chapter1/part5.html","title":"总结与展望","keywords":"","body":"总结与展望\n这一章我们配置了 Rust 开发环境,使用包管理器 cargo 创建了一个二进制项目。作为一个新的操作系统,我们需要移除它对已有的操作系统的依赖,实际上我们分别通过移除标准库依赖与移除运行环境依赖,最终成功构建,得到了一个独立式可执行程序。\n下一章我们将在这一章的基础上,针对目标硬件平台构建我们的内核镜像,使用 OpenSBI 进行启动,同时使用硬件模拟器 Qemu 模拟启动流程,并实现在屏幕上进行格式化输出。从而我们得到一个最小化内核作为后续开发的基础。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter2/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter2/introduction.html","title":"第二章:最小化内核","keywords":"","body":"第二章:最小化内核\n本章概要\n在上一章中,我们移除了程序中所有对于已有操作系统的依赖。但是我们的内核开发仍然需要依赖硬件平台。现在让我们来看一看怎样才能让我们的内核在硬件平台上跑起来。\n本章你将会学到:\n\n使用 目标三元组 描述目标平台\n使用 链接脚本 描述内存布局\n进行 交叉编译 生成可执行文件,进而生成内核镜像\n使用 OpenSBI 作为 bootloader 加载内核镜像,并使用 Qemu 进行模拟\n使用 OpenSBI 提供的服务,在屏幕上格式化打印字符串用于以后调试\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter2/part1.html":{"url":"chapter2/part1.html","title":"使用目标三元组描述目标平台","keywords":"","body":"使用目标三元组描述目标平台\n\n代码\n\ncargo 在编译项目时,可以附加目标参数 --target 设置项目的目标平台。平台包括硬件和软件支持,事实上,目标三元组(target triple) 包含:cpu 架构、供应商、操作系统和 ABI 。\n安装 Rust 时,默认编译后的可执行文件要在本平台上执行,我们可以使用\nrustc --version --verbose 来查看 Rust 的默认目标三元组:\n$ rustc --version --verbose\nrustc 1.42.0-nightly (859764425 2020-01-07)\nbinary: rustc\ncommit-hash: 85976442558bf2d09cec3aa49c9c9ba86fb15c1f\ncommit-date: 2020-01-07\nhost: x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\nrelease: 1.42.0-nightly\nLLVM version: 9.0\n\n在 host 处可以看到默认的目标三元组, cpu 架构为 x86_64 ,供应商为 unknown ,操作系统为 linux ,ABI 为 gnu 。由于我们是在 64 位 ubuntu 上安装的 Rust ,这个默认目标三元组的确描述了本平台。\n官方对一些平台提供了默认的目标三元组,我们可以通过以下命令来查看完整列表:\nrustc --print target-list\n\n目标三元组 JSON 描述文件\n除了默认提供的以外,Rust 也允许我们用 JSON 文件定义自己的目标三元组。\n首先我们来看一下默认的目标三元组 x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu 的 JSON 文件描述,输入以下命令:\nrustc -Z unstable-options --print target-spec-json --target x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\n\n可以得到如下输出:\n// x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu.json\n{\n \"arch\": \"x86_64\",\n \"cpu\": \"x86-64\",\n \"data-layout\": \"e-m:e-i64:64-f80:128-n8:16:32:64-S128\",\n \"dynamic-linking\": true,\n \"env\": \"gnu\",\n \"executables\": true,\n \"has-elf-tls\": true,\n \"has-rpath\": true,\n \"is-builtin\": true,\n \"linker-flavor\": \"gcc\",\n \"linker-is-gnu\": true,\n \"llvm-target\": \"x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu\",\n \"max-atomic-width\": 64,\n \"os\": \"linux\",\n \"position-independent-executables\": true,\n \"pre-link-args\": {\n \"gcc\": [\"-Wl,--as-needed\", \"-Wl,-z,noexecstack\", \"-m64\"]\n },\n \"relro-level\": \"full\",\n \"stack-probes\": true,\n \"target-c-int-width\": \"32\",\n \"target-endian\": \"little\",\n \"target-family\": \"unix\",\n \"target-pointer-width\": \"64\",\n \"vendor\": \"unknown\"\n}\n\n可以看到里面描述了架构、 CPU 、操作系统、 ABI 、端序、字长等信息。\n我们现在想基于 64 位 RISCV 架构开发内核,就需要一份 riscv64 的目标三元组。幸运的是,目前 Rust 编译器已经内置了一个可用的目标:riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf。\n我们查看一下它的 JSON 描述文件:\nrustc -Z unstable-options --print target-spec-json --target riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf\n\n// riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf.json\n{\n \"abi-blacklist\": [\n \"cdecl\",\n \"stdcall\",\n \"fastcall\",\n \"vectorcall\",\n \"thiscall\",\n \"aapcs\",\n \"win64\",\n \"sysv64\",\n \"ptx-kernel\",\n \"msp430-interrupt\",\n \"x86-interrupt\",\n \"amdgpu-kernel\"\n ],\n \"arch\": \"riscv64\",\n \"code-model\": \"medium\",\n \"cpu\": \"generic-rv64\",\n \"data-layout\": \"e-m:e-p:64:64-i64:64-i128:128-n64-S128\",\n \"eliminate-frame-pointer\": false,\n \"emit-debug-gdb-scripts\": false,\n \"env\": \"\",\n \"executables\": true,\n \"features\": \"+m,+a,+c\",\n \"is-builtin\": true,\n \"linker\": \"rust-lld\",\n \"linker-flavor\": \"ld.lld\",\n \"llvm-target\": \"riscv64\",\n \"max-atomic-width\": 64,\n \"os\": \"none\",\n \"panic-strategy\": \"abort\",\n \"relocation-model\": \"static\",\n \"target-c-int-width\": \"32\",\n \"target-endian\": \"little\",\n \"target-pointer-width\": \"64\",\n \"vendor\": \"unknown\"\n}\n\n我们来看它与默认的目标三元组有着些许不同的地方:\n\"panic-strategy\": \"abort\",\n\n这个描述了 panic 时采取的策略。回忆上一章中,我们在 Cargo.toml 中设置程序在 panic 时直接 abort ,从而不必调用堆栈展开处理函数。由于目标三元组中已经包含了这个参数,我们可以将 Cargo.toml 中的设置删除了:\n-[profile.dev]\n-panic = \"abort\"\n\n-[profile.release]\n-panic = \"abort\"\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter2/part2.html":{"url":"chapter2/part2.html","title":"编译、生成内核镜像","keywords":"","body":"编译、生成内核镜像\n\n代码\n\n使用 riscv64 目标编译项目\n现在我们尝试用 riscv64 的目标来编译这个项目:\n$ cargo build --target riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf\n\n结果出现了以下错误:\nerror[E0463]: can't find crate for `core`\n |\n = note: the `riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf` target may not be installed\n\n原因是 Rust 工具链默认没有内置核心库 core 在这个目标下的预编译版本,我们可以使用以下命令手动安装它:\n$ rustup target add riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf\n\n很快下载安装好后,我们重试一下,发现就可以成功编译了。\n编译出的结果被放在了 target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug 文件夹中。可以看到其中有一个名为 os 的可执行文件。不过由于它的目标平台是 riscv64,我们暂时还不能执行它。\n为项目设置默认目标三元组\n由于我们之后都会使用 riscv64 作为编译目标,为了避免每次都要加 --target 参数,我们可以使用 Cargo 配置文件 为项目配置默认的编译选项。\n在 os 文件夹中创建一个 .cargo 文件夹,并在其中创建一个名为 config 的文件,在其中填入以下内容:\n# .cargo/config\n\n[build]\ntarget = \"riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf\"\n\n这指定了此项目编译时默认的目标。以后我们就可以直接使用 cargo build 来编译了。\n安装 binutils 工具集\n为了查看和分析生成的可执行文件,我们首先需要安装一套名为 binutils 的命令行工具集,其中包含了 objdump、objcopy 等常用工具。\nRust 社区提供了一个 cargo-binutils 项目,可以帮助我们方便地调用 Rust 内置的 LLVM binutils。我们用以下命令安装它:\n$ cargo install cargo-binutils\n$ rustup component add llvm-tools-preview\n\n之后尝试使用 rust-objdump 看看是否安装成功。\n\n[info] 其它选择:GNU 工具链\n除了内置的 LLVM 工具链以外,我们也可以使用 GNU 工具链,其中还包含了 GCC 等 C 语言工具链。\n我们可以下载最新的预编译版本(Linux/Mac)并安装,如果该链接过期的话可以在 这里 自己找。\n\n查看生成的可执行文件\n我们编译之后的产物为 target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os ,让我们先看看它的文件类型:\n$ file target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os\ntarget/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, UCB RISC-V, version 1 (SYSV), statically linked, with debug_info, not stripped\n\n从中,我们可以看出它是一个 64 位的 elf 可执行文件,架构是 RISC-V ;链接方式为 静态链接 ;not stripped 指的是里面符号表的信息未被剔除,而这些信息在调试程序时会用到,程序正常执行时通常不会使用。\n接下来使用刚刚安装的工具链中的 rust-objdump 工具看看它的具体信息:\n$ rust-objdump target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os -x --arch-name=riscv64\n\ntarget/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os: file format ELF64-riscv\n\narchitecture: riscv64\nstart address: 0x0000000000011000\n\nSections:\nIdx Name Size VMA Type\n 0 00000000 0000000000000000\n 1 .text 0000000c 0000000000011000 TEXT\n 2 .debug_str 000004f6 0000000000000000\n 3 .debug_abbrev 0000010e 0000000000000000\n 4 .debug_info 00000633 0000000000000000\n 5 .debug_aranges 00000040 0000000000000000\n 6 .debug_ranges 00000030 0000000000000000\n 7 .debug_macinfo 00000001 0000000000000000\n 8 .debug_pubnames 000000ce 0000000000000000\n 9 .debug_pubtypes 000003a2 0000000000000000\n 10 .debug_frame 00000068 0000000000000000\n 11 .debug_line 00000059 0000000000000000\n 12 .comment 00000012 0000000000000000\n 13 .symtab 00000108 0000000000000000\n 14 .shstrtab 000000b4 0000000000000000\n 15 .strtab 0000002d 0000000000000000\n\nSYMBOL TABLE:\n0000000000000000 l df *ABS* 00000000 3k1zkxjipadm3tm5\n0000000000000000 .debug_frame 00000000\n0000000000011000 .text 00000000\n0000000000011000 .text 00000000\n0000000000011000 .text 00000000\n000000000001100c .text 00000000\n0000000000000000 .debug_ranges 00000000\n0000000000000000 .debug_info 00000000\n0000000000000000 .debug_line 00000000 .Lline_table_start0\n0000000000011000 g F .text 0000000c _start\nProgram Header:\n PHDR off 0x0000000000000040 vaddr 0x0000000000010040 paddr 0x0000000000010040 align 2**3\n filesz 0x00000000000000e0 memsz 0x00000000000000e0 flags r--\n LOAD off 0x0000000000000000 vaddr 0x0000000000010000 paddr 0x0000000000010000 align 2**12\n filesz 0x0000000000000120 memsz 0x0000000000000120 flags r--\n LOAD off 0x0000000000001000 vaddr 0x0000000000011000 paddr 0x0000000000011000 align 2**12\n filesz 0x0000000000001000 memsz 0x0000000000001000 flags r-x\n STACK off 0x0000000000000000 vaddr 0x0000000000000000 paddr 0x0000000000000000 align 2**64\n filesz 0x0000000000000000 memsz 0x0000000000000000 flags rw-\n\nDynamic Section:\n\n我们按顺序逐个查看:\n\nstart address 是程序的入口地址。\nSections,从这里我们可以看到程序各段的各种信息。后面以 debug 开头的段是调试信息。\nSYMBOL TABLE 即符号表,从中我们可以看到程序中所有符号的地址。例如 _start 就位于入口地址上。\nProgram Header 是程序加载时所需的段信息。\n其中 off 是它在文件中的位置,vaddr 和 paddr 是要加载到的虚拟地址和物理地址,align 规定了地址的对齐,filesz 和 memsz 分别表示它在文件和内存中的大小,flags 描述了相关权限(r:可读,w:可写,x:可执行)\n\n\n在这里我们使用的是 -x 来查看程序的元信息,下面我们用 -d 来对代码进行反汇编:\n$ rust-objdump target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os -d --arch-name=riscv64\n\ntarget/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os: file format ELF64-riscv\n\n\nDisassembly of section .text:\n\n0000000000011000 _start:\n 11000: 41 11 addi sp, sp, -16\n 11002: 06 e4 sd ra, 8(sp)\n 11004: 22 e0 sd s0, 0(sp)\n 11006: 00 08 addi s0, sp, 16\n 11008: 09 a0 j 2\n 1100a: 01 a0 j 0\n\n可以看到其中只有一个 _start 函数,里面什么都不做,就一个死循环。\n生成内核镜像\n我们之前生成的 elf 格式可执行文件有以下特点:\n\n含有冗余的调试信息,使得程序体积较大;\n需要对 program header 部分进行手动解析才能知道各段的信息,而这需要我们了解 program header 的二进制格式,并以字节为单位进行解析。\n\n由于我们目前没有调试的手段,不需要调试信息;同时也不会解析 elf 格式文件,所以使用工具 rust-objcopy 从 elf 格式可执行文件生成内核镜像:\n$ rust-objcopy target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os --strip-all -O binary target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/kernel.bin\n\n这里 --strip-all 表明丢弃所有符号表及调试信息,-O binary 表示输出为二进制文件。\n至此,我们编译并生成了内核镜像 kernel.bin 。接下来,我们将使用 Qemu 模拟器真正将我们的内核镜像跑起来。不过在此之前还需要完成两个工作:调整内存布局 和 重写入口函数 。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter2/part3.html":{"url":"chapter2/part3.html","title":"使用链接脚本指定内存布局","keywords":"","body":"使用链接脚本指定程序内存布局\n\n代码\n\n上一节中我们看到,编译出的程序默认被放到了从 0x10000 开始的位置上:\nstart address: 0x0000000000011000\n...\nProgram Header:\n PHDR off 0x0000000000000040 vaddr 0x0000000000010040 ...\n LOAD off 0x0000000000000000 vaddr 0x0000000000010000 ...\n LOAD off 0x0000000000001000 vaddr 0x0000000000011000 ...\n STACK off 0x0000000000000000 vaddr 0x0000000000000000 ...\n这是因为对于普通用户程序来说,数据是放在低地址空间上的。\n但是对于 OS 内核,它一般都在高地址空间上。并且在 RISCV 中,内存(RAM)的物理地址也是从 0x80000000 开始的。因此接下来我们需要调整程序的内存布局,改变它的链接地址。\n\n[info] 程序的内存布局\n一般来说,一个程序按照功能不同会分为下面这些段:\n\n$\\text{.text}$ 段,即代码段,存放汇编代码;\n$\\text{.rodata}$ 段,即只读数据段,顾名思义里面存放只读数据,通常是程序中的常量;\n$\\text{.data}$ 段,存放被初始化的可读写数据,通常保存程序中的全局变量;\n$\\text{.bss}$ 段,存放被初始化为 $0$ 的可读写数据,与 $\\text{.data}$ 段的不同之处在于我们知道它要被初始化为 $0$ ,因此在可执行文件中只需记录这个段的大小以及所在位置即可,而不用记录里面的数据。\n$\\text{stack}$ ,即栈,用来存储程序运行过程中的局部变量,以及负责函数调用时的各种机制。它从高地址向低地址增长;\n$\\text{heap}$ ,即堆,用来支持程序运行过程中内存的动态分配,比如说你要读进来一个字符串,在你写程序的时候你也不知道它的长度究竟为多少,于是你只能在运行过程中,知道了字符串的长度之后,再在堆中给这个字符串分配内存。\n\n内存布局,也就是指这些段各自所放的位置。一种典型的内存布局如下:\n\n\n编写链接脚本\n我们使用 链接脚本(linker script)来指定程序的内存布局。创建一个文件 src/boot/linker64.ld:\n// src/boot/linker64.ld\n\nOUTPUT_ARCH(riscv)\nENTRY(_start)\n\nBASE_ADDRESS = 0x80200000;\n\nSECTIONS\n{\n /* Load the kernel at this address: \".\" means the current address */\n . = BASE_ADDRESS;\n start = .;\n\n .text : {\n stext = .;\n *(.text.entry)\n *(.text .text.*)\n . = ALIGN(4K);\n etext = .;\n }\n\n .rodata : {\n srodata = .;\n *(.rodata .rodata.*)\n . = ALIGN(4K);\n erodata = .;\n }\n\n .data : {\n sdata = .;\n *(.data .data.*)\n edata = .;\n }\n\n .stack : {\n *(.bss.stack)\n }\n\n .bss : {\n sbss = .;\n *(.bss .bss.*)\n ebss = .;\n }\n\n PROVIDE(end = .);\n}\n\n时至今日我们已经不太可能将所有代码都写在一个文件里面。在编译过程中,我们的编译器和链接器已经给每个文件都自动生成了一个内存布局。这里,我们的链接工具所要做的是最终将各个文件的内存布局装配起来生成整个程序的内存布局。\n我们首先使用 OUTPUT_ARCH 指定了架构,随后使用 ENTRY_POINT 指定了 入口点 为 _start ,即程序第一条被执行的指令所在之处。在这个链接脚本中我们并未看到 _start ,回忆上一章,我们为了移除运行时环境依赖,重写了 C runtime 的入口 _start 。所以,链接脚本宣布整个程序会从那里开始运行。\n链接脚本的整体写在 SECTION{ } 中,里面有多个形如 $\\text{output section: { input section list }}$ 的语句,每个都描述了一个整个程序内存布局中的一个输出段 $\\text{output section}$ 是由各个文件中的哪些输入段 $\\text{input section}$ 组成的。\n我们可以用 $()$ 来表示将各个文件中所有符合括号内要求的输入段放在当前的位置。而括号内,你可以直接使用段的名字,也可以包含通配符 $$ 。\n单独的一个 . 为 当前地址 (Location Counter) ,可以对其赋值来从设置的地址继续向高地址放置各个段。如果不进行赋值的话,则默认各个段会紧挨着向高地址放置。将一个 符号 赋值为 . 则会记录下这个符号的地址。\n到这里我们大概看懂了这个链接脚本在做些什么事情。首先是从 BASE_ADDRESS 即 0x80200000 开始向下放置各个段,依次是 $\\text{.text, .rodata, .data, .stack, .bss}$ 。同时我们还记录下了每个段的开头和结尾地址,如 $\\text{.text}$ 段的开头、结尾地址分别就是符号 $\\text{stext, etext}$ 的地址,我们接下来会用到。\n\nOpenSBI 将自身放在 0x80000000 ,完成初始化后会跳转到 0x80200000 ,因此 _start 必须位于这个地址。.text 为代码段标识,其第一个函数就是 _start 。\n\n这里面有两个输入段与其他长的不太一样,即 .text.entry,.bss.stack\\text{.text.entry,.bss.stack}.text.entry,.bss.stack ,似乎编译器不会自动生成这样名字的段。事实上,它们是我们在后面自己定义的。\n使用链接脚本\n为了在编译时使用上面自定义的链接脚本,我们在 .cargo/config 文件中加入以下配置:\n[target.riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf]\nrustflags = [\n \"-C\", \"link-arg=-Tsrc/boot/linker64.ld\",\n]\n\n它的作用是在链接时传入一个参数 -T 来指定使用哪个链接脚本。\n我们重新编译一下,然后再次查看生成的可执行文件:\n$ cargo build\n...\n Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.23s\n$ rust-objdump target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os -h --arch-name=riscv64\n\ntarget/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os: file format ELF64-riscv\n\nSections:\nIdx Name Size VMA Type\n 0 00000000 0000000000000000\n 1 .text 00001000 0000000080200000 TEXT\n 2 .rodata 00000000 0000000080201000 TEXT\n 3 .data 00000000 0000000080201000 TEXT\n 4 .bss 00000000 0000000080201000 BSS\n...\n$ rust-objdump target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os -d --arch-name=riscv64\n\ntarget/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/os: file format ELF64-riscv\n\n\nDisassembly of section .text:\n\n0000000080200000 stext:\n80200000: 41 11 addi sp, sp, -16\n80200002: 06 e4 sd ra, 8(sp)\n80200004: 22 e0 sd s0, 0(sp)\n80200006: 00 08 addi s0, sp, 16\n80200008: 09 a0 j 2\n8020000a: 01 a0 j 0\n ...\n\n程序已经被正确地放在了指定的地址上。\n到这里,我们清楚了最终程序的内存布局会长成什么样子。下一节我们来补充这个链接脚本中未定义的段,并完成编译。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter2/part4.html":{"url":"chapter2/part4.html","title":"重写程序入口点 -start","keywords":"","body":"重写程序入口点 _start\n\n代码\n\n我们在第一章中,曾自己重写了一个 C runtime 的入口点 _start ,在那里我们仅仅只是让它死循环。但是现在,类似 C runtime ,我们希望这个函数可以为我们设置内核的运行环境(不妨称为 kernel runtime ) 。随后,我们才真正开始执行内核的代码。\n但是具体而言我们需要设置怎样的运行环境呢?\n\n[info] 第一条指令\n在 CPU 加电或 reset 后,它首先会进行 自检 (POST, Power-On Self-Test) ,通过自检后会跳转到 启动代码(bootloader) 的入口。在 bootloader 中,我们进行外设探测,并对内核的运行环境进行初步设置。随后, bootloader 会将内核代码从硬盘 load 到内存中,并跳转到内核入口,正式进入内核。\n所以 CPU 所执行的第一条指令是指 bootloader 的第一条指令。\n\n幸运的是, 我们已经有现成的 bootloader 实现 -- OpenSBI 固件(firmware)。\n\n[info] firmware 固件\n在计算中,固件是一种特定的计算机软件,它为设备的特定硬件提供低级控制进一步加载其他软件的功能。固件可以为设备更复杂的软件(如操作系统)提供标准化的操作环境,或者,对于不太复杂的设备,充当设备的完整操作系统,执行所有控制、监视和数据操作功能。 在基于 x86 的计算机系统中, BIOS 或 UEFI 是一种固件;在基于 riscv 的计算机系统中,OpenSBI 是一种固件。\n\nOpenSBI 固件运行在特权级别很高的计算机硬件环境中,即 riscv64 cpu 的 M Mode (CPU 加电后也就运行在 M Mode) ,我们将要实现的 OS 内核运行在 S Mode , 而我们要支持的用户程序运行在 U Mode 。在开发过程中我们重点关注 S Mode 。\n\n[info] riscv64 的特权级\n如图所示,共有如下几个特权级:\n\n从 U 到 S 再到 M,权限不断提高,这意味着你可以使用更多的特权指令,访需求权限更高的寄存器等等。我们可以使用一些指令来修改 CPU 的当前特权级。而当当前特权级不足以执行特权指令或访问一些寄存器时,CPU 会通过某种方式告诉我们。\n\nOpenSBI 所做的一件事情就是把 CPU 从 M Mode 切换到 S Mode ,接着跳转到一个固定地址 0x80200000,开始执行内核代码。\n\n[info] riscv64 的 M Mode\nM-mode(机器模式,缩写为 M 模式)是 RISC-V 中 hart(hardware thread,硬件线程)可以执行的最高权限模式。在 M 模式下运行的 hart 对内存,I/O 和一些对于启动和配置系统来说必要的底层功能有着完全的使用权。\n[info] riscv64 的 S Mode\nS-mode(监管者模式,缩写为 S 模式)是支持现代类 Unix 操作系统的权限模式,支持现代类 Unix 操作系统所需要的基于页面的虚拟内存机制是其核心。\n\n接着我们要在 _start 中设置内核的运行环境了,我们直接来看代码:\n# src/boot/entry64.asm\n\n .section .text.entry\n .globl _start\n_start:\n la sp, bootstacktop\n call rust_main\n\n .section .bss.stack\n .align 12\n .global bootstack\nbootstack:\n .space 4096 * 4\n .global bootstacktop\nbootstacktop:\n\n可以看到之前未被定义的 $\\text{.bss.stack}$ 段出现了,我们只是在这里分配了一块 $4096\\times{4}\\text{Bytes}=\\text{16KiB}$ 的内存作为内核的栈。之前的 $\\text{.text.entry}$ 也出现了:我们将 _start 函数放在了 $\\text{.text}$ 段的开头。\n我们看看 _start 里面做了什么:\n\n修改栈指针寄存器 $\\text{sp}$ 为 $\\text{.bss.stack}$ 段的结束地址,由于栈是从高地址往低地址增长,所以高地址是栈顶;\n使用 call 指令跳转到 rust_main 。这意味着我们的内核运行环境设置完成了,正式进入内核。\n\n我们将 src/main.rs 里面的 _start 函数删除,并换成 rust_main :\n// src/main.rs\n\n#![feature(global_asm)]\n\nglobal_asm!(include_str!(\"boot/entry64.asm\"));\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n loop {}\n}\n\n到现在为止我们终于将一切都准备好了,接下来就要配合 OpenSBI 运行我们的内核!\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter2/part5.html":{"url":"chapter2/part5.html","title":"使用 Qemu 运行内核","keywords":"","body":"使用 Qemu 运行内核\n\n代码\n\n安装模拟器 Qemu\n如果你在使用 Linux (Ubuntu) ,需要到 Qemu 官方网站下载源码并自行编译,因为 Ubuntu 自带的软件包管理器 apt 中的 Qemu 的版本过低无法使用。参考命令如下:\n$ wget https://download.qemu.org/qemu-4.1.1.tar.xz\n$ tar xvJf qemu-4.1.1.tar.xz\n$ cd qemu-4.1.1\n$ ./configure --target-list=riscv32-softmmu,riscv64-softmmu\n$ make -j\n$ export PATH=$PWD/riscv32-softmmu:$PWD/riscv64-softmmu:$PATH\n\n可查看更详细的安装和使用命令。同时,我们在每次开机之后要使用此命令来允许模拟器过量使用内存(不是必须的),否则无法正常使用 Qemu:\n$ sudo sysctl vm.overcommit_memory=1\n\n如果你在使用 macOS,只需要 Homebrew 一个命令即可:\n$ brew install qemu\n\n最后确认一下 Qemu 已经安装好,且版本在 4.1.0 以上:\n$ qemu-system-riscv64 --version\nQEMU emulator version 4.1.1\nCopyright (c) 2003-2019 Fabrice Bellard and the QEMU Project developers\n\n使用 OpenSBI\n新版 Qemu 中内置了 OpenSBI firrmwire(固件),它主要负责在操作系统运行前的硬件初始化和加载操作系统的功能。我们使用以下命令尝试运行一下:\n$ qemu-system-riscv64 \\\n> --machine virt \\\n> --nographic \\\n> --bios default\n\nOpenSBI v0.4 (Jul 2 2019 11:53:53)\n ____ _____ ____ _____\n / __ \\ / ____| _ \\_ _|\n | | | |_ __ ___ _ __ | (___ | |_) || |\n | | | | '_ \\ / _ \\ '_ \\ \\___ \\| _ \n可以看到我们已经在 qemu-system-riscv64 模拟的 virt machine 硬件上将 OpenSBI 这个 firmwire 跑起来了。Qemu 可以使用 Ctrl+a 再按下 x 退出。\n\n[info] OpenSBI的内部实现\n如果对 OpenSBI 的内部实现感兴趣,可以看看RISCV OpenSBI Deep_Dive 介绍文档。\n\n加载内核镜像\n为了确信我们已经跑起来了内核里面的代码,我们最好在 rust_main 里面加一点东西。\n// src/main.rs\n\n#![feature(asm)]\n\n// 在屏幕上输出一个字符,目前我们先不用了解其实现原理\npub fn console_putchar(ch: u8) {\n let ret: usize;\n let arg0: usize = ch as usize;\n let arg1: usize = 0;\n let arg2: usize = 0;\n let which: usize = 1;\n unsafe {\n asm!(\"ecall\"\n : \"={x10}\" (ret)\n : \"{x10}\" (arg0), \"{x11}\" (arg1), \"{x12}\" (arg2), \"{x17}\" (which)\n : \"memory\"\n : \"volatile\"\n );\n }\n}\n\n#[no_mangle]\nextern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n // 在屏幕上输出 \"OK\\n\" ,随后进入死循环\n console_putchar(b'O');\n console_putchar(b'K');\n console_putchar(b'\\n');\n loop {}\n}\n\n这样,如果我们将内核镜像加载完成后,屏幕上出现了 OK ,就说明我们之前做的事情没有问题。如果想进一步了解上面例子中的内联汇编(\"asm!\"),请参考 附录:内联汇编 。\n现在我们生成内核镜像要通过多条命令来完成,我们通过 Makefile 来简化这一过程。\n# Makefile\n\ntarget := riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf\nmode := debug\nkernel := target/$(target)/$(mode)/os\nbin := target/$(target)/$(mode)/kernel.bin\n\nobjdump := rust-objdump --arch-name=riscv64\nobjcopy := rust-objcopy --binary-architecture=riscv64\n\n.PHONY: kernel build clean qemu run env\n\nenv:\n cargo install cargo-binutils\n rustup component add llvm-tools-preview rustfmt\n rustup target add $(target)\n\nkernel:\n cargo build\n\n$(bin): kernel\n $(objcopy) $(kernel) --strip-all -O binary $@\n\nasm:\n $(objdump) -d $(kernel) | less\n\nbuild: $(bin)\n\nclean:\n cargo clean\n\nqemu: build\n qemu-system-riscv64 \\\n -machine virt \\\n -nographic \\\n -bios default \\\n -device loader,file=$(bin), addr=0x80200000\n\nrun: build qemu\n\n这里我们通过参数 --device 来将内核镜像加载到 Qemu 中,我们指定了内核镜像文件,但这个地址 0x80200000 又是怎么一回事?我们目前先不用在意这些细节,等后面会详细讲解。\n于是,我们可以使用 make run 来用 Qemu 加载内核镜像并运行。匆匆翻过一串长长的 OpenSBI 输出,我们看到了 OK !于是历经了千辛万苦我们终于将我们的内核跑起来了!\n没有看到 OK ?迄今为止的代码可以在这里找到,请参考。\nvirt machine硬件配置\n\n[info] 扩展内容\n\n也许有同学对qemu-system-riscv64模拟的virt machine计算机的硬件配置感兴趣,那么通过如下命令,可以看到到当前virt machine的硬件配置信息:\n$ sudo apt install device-tree-compiler #安装device tree编译器/解释器 dtc\n$ qemu-system-riscv64 -machine virt -machine dumpdtb=riscv64-virt.dtb -bios default #生成virt machine计算机的二进制device tree信息\n$ dtc -I dtb -O dts -o riscv64-virt.dts riscv64-virt.dtb #转换为文本格式的device tree信息\n$ more riscv64-virt.dts #显示virt machine计算机的硬件配置信息\n如果同学对qemu-system-riscv64模拟的virt machine计算机硬件(包括外设)配置的具体实现代码感兴趣,那么可看看qemu riscv 的 virt machine 实现。\n下一节我们实现格式化输出来使得我们后续能够更加方便的通过输出来进行内核调试。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter2/part6.html":{"url":"chapter2/part6.html","title":"封装 SBI 接口","keywords":"","body":"封装 SBI 接口\n\n代码\n\n代码整理\n将一切都写在一个 main.rs 中终究是一个不好的习惯,我们将代码分为不同模块整理一下。\n我们先将 console_putchar 函数删掉,并将 rust_main 中调用 console_putchar 的部分也删除。\n随后将 rust_main 抽取到init.rs中:\n// src/init.rs\n\nglobal_asm!(include_str!(\"boot/entry64.asm\"));\n\n#[no_mangle]\nextern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n loop {}\n}\n\n将语义项们抽取到lang_items.rs中:\n// src/lang_items.rs\n\nuse core::panic::PanicInfo;\n\n#[panic_handler]\nfn panic(_: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n loop {}\n}\n\n#[no_mangle]\nextern \"C\" fn abort() -> ! {\n panic!(\"abort!\");\n}\n\n并在代表os crate的 lib.rs 中引用这两个子模块:\n// src/lib.rs\n\n#![no_std]\n#![feature(asm)]\n#![feature(global_asm)]\n\nmod init;\nmod lang_items;\n\n以及只需使用 os crate 的孤零零的 main.rs。\n// src/main.rs\n\n#![no_std]\n#![no_main]\n\n#[allow(unused_imports)]\nuse os;\n\n使用 OpenSBI 提供的服务\nOpenSBI 实际上不仅起到了 bootloader 的作用,还为我们提供了一些服务供我们在编写内核时使用。这层接口称为 SBI (Supervisor Binary Interface),是 S-Mode 的 kernel 和 M-Mode 执行环境之间的标准接口。\n我们查看 OpenSBI 文档 # legacy sbi extension ,里面包含了一些以 C 函数格式给出的我们可以调用的接口。\n上一节中我们的 console_putchar 函数类似于调用下面的接口来实现的:\nvoid sbi_console_putchar(int ch)\n\n实际的过程是这样的:我们通过 ecall 发起系统调用。OpenSBI 会检察发起的系统调用的编号,如果编号在 0-8 之间,则进行处理,否则交由我们自己的中断处理程序处理(暂未实现)。\n\n实现了编号在 0-8 之间的系统调用,具体请看 OpenSBI 文档 # function list\n\n执行 ecall 前需要指定系统调用的编号,传递参数。一般而言,$a_7$ 为系统调用编号,$a_0 , a_1 , a_2$ 为参数:\n// src/lib.rs\n\nmod sbi;\n\n// src/sbi.rs\n\n//! Port from sbi.h\n#![allow(dead_code)]\n\n#[inline(always)]\nfn sbi_call(which: usize, arg0: usize, arg1: usize, arg2: usize) -> usize {\n let ret;\n unsafe {\n asm!(\"ecall\"\n : \"={x10}\" (ret)\n : \"{x10}\" (arg0), \"{x11}\" (arg1), \"{x12}\" (arg2), \"{x17}\" (which)\n : \"memory\"\n : \"volatile\");\n }\n ret\n}\n\n\n[info] 函数调用与 calling convention \n我们知道,编译器将高级语言源代码翻译成汇编代码。对于汇编语言而言,在最简单的编程模型中,所能够利用的只有指令集中提供的指令、各通用寄存器、 CPU 的状态、内存资源。那么,在高级语言中,我们进行一次函数调用,编译器要做哪些工作利用汇编语言来实现这一功能呢?\n显然并不是仅用一条指令跳转到被调用函数开头地址就行了。我们还需要考虑:\n\n如何传递参数?\n如何传递返回值?\n如何保证函数返回后能从我们期望的位置继续执行?\n\n等更多事项。通常编译器按照某种规范去翻译所有的函数调用,这种规范被称为 calling convention 。值得一提的是,为了实现函数调用,我们需要预先分配一块内存作为 调用栈 ,后面会看到调用栈在函数调用过程中极其重要。你也可以理解为什么第一章刚开始我们就要分配栈了。\n\n对于参数比较少且是基本数据类型的时候,我们从左到右使用寄存器 $a_0 \\sim a_7$ 就可以完成参数的传递。(可参考 riscv calling convention)\n然而,如这种情况一样,设置寄存器并执行汇编指令,这超出了 Rust 语言的描述能力。然而又与之前 global_asm! 大段插入汇编代码不同,我们要把 u8 类型的单个字符传给 $a_0$ 作为输入参数,这种情况较为强调 Rust 与汇编代码的交互。此时我们通常使用 内联汇编(inline assembly) 。\n\n[info] 拓展内联汇编\nRust 中拓展内联汇编的格式如下:\nasm!(assembler template\n : /* output operands */\n : /* input operands */\n : /* clobbered registers list */\n : /* option */\n);\n\n其中:\n\nassembler template 给出字符串形式的汇编代码;\noutput operands 以及 input operands 分别表示输出和输入,体现着汇编代码与 Rust 代码的交互。每个输出和输入都是用 “constraint”(expr) 的形式给出的,其中 expr 部分是一个 Rust 表达式作为汇编代码的输入、输出,通常为了简单起见仅用一个变量。而 constraint 则是你用来告诉编译器如何进行参数传递;\nclobbered registers list 需要给出你在整段汇编代码中,除了用来作为输入、输出的寄存器之外,还曾经显式/隐式的修改过哪些寄存器。由于编译器对于汇编指令所知有限,你必须手动告诉它“我可能会修改这个寄存器”,这样它在使用这个寄存器时就会更加小心;\noption 是 Rust 语言内联汇编 特有 的(相对于 C 语言),用来对内联汇编整体进行配置。\n如果想进一步了解上面例子中的内联汇编(\"asm!\"),请参考附录:内联汇编。\n\n\n输出部分,我们将结果保存到变量 ret 中,限制条件 {x10} 告诉编译器使用寄存器 $x_{10}(a_0)$ ,前面的 = 表明汇编代码会修改该寄存器并作为最后的返回值。一般情况下 output operands 的 constraint 部分前面都要加上 = 。\n输入部分,我们分别通过寄存器 $x{10}(a_0),x{11}(a1),x{12}(a2),x{17}(a_7)$ 传入参数 arg0,arg1,arg2,which ,它们分别代表接口可能所需的三个输入参数(arg0,arg1,arg2),以及用来区分我们调用的是哪个接口的 SBI Extension ID(which) 。这里之所以提供三个输入参数是为了将所有接口囊括进去,对于某些接口有的输入参数是冗余的,比如sbi_console_putchar`` 由于只需一个输入参数,它就只关心寄存器 $a_0$ 的值。\n在 clobbered registers list 中,出现了一个 \"memory\" ,这用来告诉编译器汇编代码隐式的修改了在汇编代码中未曾出现的某些寄存器。所以,它也不能认为汇编代码中未出现的寄存器就会在内联汇编前后保持不变了。\n在 option 部分出现了 \"volatile\" ,我们可能在很多地方看到过这个单词。不过在内联汇编中,主要意思是告诉编译器,不要将内联汇编代码移动到别的地方去。我们知道,编译器通常会对翻译完的汇编代码进行优化,其中就包括对指令的位置进行调换。像这种情况,调换可能就会产生我们预期之外的结果。谨慎起见,我们针对内联汇编禁用这一优化。\n接着利用 sbi_call 参考 OpenSBI 文档实现对应的接口:\n// src/sbi.rs\n\npub fn console_putchar(ch: usize) {\n sbi_call(SBI_CONSOLE_PUTCHAR, ch, 0, 0);\n}\n\npub fn console_getchar() -> usize {\n sbi_call(SBI_CONSOLE_GETCHAR, 0, 0, 0)\n}\n\n...\n\nconst SBI_SET_TIMER: usize = 0;\nconst SBI_CONSOLE_PUTCHAR: usize = 1;\nconst SBI_CONSOLE_GETCHAR: usize = 2;\nconst SBI_CLEAR_IPI: usize = 3;\nconst SBI_SEND_IPI: usize = 4;\nconst SBI_REMOTE_FENCE_I: usize = 5;\nconst SBI_REMOTE_SFENCE_VMA: usize = 6;\nconst SBI_REMOTE_SFENCE_VMA_ASID: usize = 7;\nconst SBI_SHUTDOWN: usize = 8;\n\n现在我们比较深入的理解了 console_putchar 到底是怎么一回事。下一节我们将使用 console_putchar 实现格式化输出,为后面的调试提供方便。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter2/part7.html":{"url":"chapter2/part7.html","title":"实现格式化输出","keywords":"","body":"实现格式化输出\n\n代码\n\n只能使用 console_putchar 这种苍白无力的输出手段让人头皮发麻。如果我们能使用 print! 宏的话该有多好啊!于是我们就来实现自己的 print!宏!\n我们将这一部分放在 src/io.rs 中,先用 console_putchar 实现两个基础函数:\n// src/lib.rs\n\n// 由于使用到了宏,需要进行设置\n// 同时,这个 module 还必须放在其他 module 前\n#[macro_use]\nmod io;\n\n// src/io.rs\n\nuse crate::sbi;\n\n// 输出一个字符\npub fn putchar(ch: char) {\n sbi::console_putchar(ch as u8 as usize);\n}\n\n// 输出一个字符串\npub fn puts(s: &str) {\n for ch in s.chars() {\n putchar(ch);\n }\n}\n\n而关于格式化输出, rust 中提供了一个接口 core::fmt::Write ,你需要实现函数\n// required\nfn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> Result\n\n随后你就可以调用如下函数(会进一步调用write_str 实现函数)来进行显示。\n// provided\nfn write_fmt(mut self: &mut Self, args: Arguments) -> Result\n\nwrite_fmt 函数需要处理 Arguments 类封装的输出字符串。而我们已经有现成的 format_args! 宏,它可以将模式字符串+参数列表的输入转化为 Arguments 类!比如 format_args!(\"{} {}\", 1, 2) 。\n因此,我们的 print! 宏的实现思路便为:\n\n解析传入参数,转化为 format_args! 可接受的输入(事实上原封不动就行了),并通过 format_args! 宏得到 Arguments 类;\n调用 write_fmt 函数输出这个类;\n\n而为了调用 write_fmt 函数,我们必须实现 write_str 函数,而它可用 puts 函数来实现。支持print!宏的代码片段如下:\n// src/io.rs\n\nuse core::fmt::{ self, Write };\n\nstruct Stdout;\n\nimpl fmt::Write for Stdout {\n fn write_str(&mut self, s: &str) -> fmt::Result {\n puts(s);\n Ok(())\n }\n}\n\npub fn _print(args: fmt::Arguments) {\n Stdout.write_fmt(args).unwrap();\n}\n\n#[macro_export]\nmacro_rules! print {\n ($($arg:tt)*) => ({\n $crate::io::_print(format_args!($($arg)*));\n });\n}\n\n#[macro_export]\nmacro_rules! println {\n () => ($crate::print!(\"\\n\"));\n ($($arg:tt)*) => ($crate::print!(\"{}\\n\", format_args!($($arg)*)));\n}\n\n由于并不是重点就不在这里赘述宏的语法细节了(实际上我也没弄懂),总之我们实现了 print!, println! 两个宏,现在是时候看看效果了!\n首先,我们在 panic 时也可以看看到底发生了什么事情了!\n// src/lang_items.rs\n\n#[panic_handler]\nfn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n println!(\"{}\", info);\n loop {}\n}\n\n其次,我们可以验证一下我们之前为内核分配的内存布局是否正确:\n// src/init.rs\n\nuse crate::io;\nuse crate::sbi;\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n extern \"C\" {\n fn _start();\n fn bootstacktop();\n }\n println!(\"_start vaddr = 0x{:x}\", _start as usize);\n println!(\"bootstacktop vaddr = 0x{:x}\", bootstacktop as usize);\n println!(\"hello world!\");\n panic!(\"you want to do nothing!\");\n loop {}\n}\n\nmake run 一下,我们可以看到输出为:\n\n[success] 格式化输出通过\n_start vaddr = 0x80200000\nbootstacktop vaddr = 0x80208000\nhello world!\npanicked at 'you want to do nothing!', src/init.rs:15:5\n\n\n我们看到入口点的地址确实为我们安排的 0x80200000 ,同时栈的地址也与我们在内存布局中看到的一样。更重要的是,我们现在能看到内核 panic 的位置了!这将大大有利于调试。\n目前所有的代码可以在这里找到。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter2/part8.html":{"url":"chapter2/part8.html","title":"总结与展望","keywords":"","body":"总结与展望\n这一章我们主要做的事情是为内核提供硬件平台支持。\n首先要让我们的内核有可能在指定的平台上运行。而那与我们当前所在的并非一个平台,指令集并不相通。为此我们使用 交叉编译 将内核编译到用 目标三元组 描述的目标平台上,还使用 链接脚本 指定了其内存布局,将内核的代码、数据均放在高地址。\n然而编译好了之后它也就静止地放在那里而已。为了让它启动起来,我们使用 bootloader(OpenSBI) 将内核加载进来并运行。同时,我们发现 OpenSBI 的能力比我们想象中要强大,我们简单地通过 内联汇编 请求 OpenSBI 向我们提供的服务,实现了 格式化输出 。当然出于方便及节约成本,这一切都是在 模拟器 Qemu 上进行的。\n到这里我们终于有了一个内核,而且它能在特定平台上运行了!\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter3/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter3/introduction.html","title":"第三章:中断","keywords":"","body":"第三章:中断\n本章概要\n操作系统是计算机系统的监管者,必须能对计算机系统状态的突发变化做出反应,这些系统状态可能是程序执行出现异常,或者是突发的外设请求。当计算机系统遇到突发情况时,不得不停止当前的正常工作,应急响应一下,这是需要操作系统来接管,并跳转到对应处理函数进行处理,处理结束后再回到原来的地方继续执行指令。这个过程就是中断处理过程。\n\n[info] 中断分类\n异常(Exception),指在执行一条指令的过程中发生了错误,此时我们通过中断来处理错误。最常见的异常包括:访问无效内存地址、执行非法指令(除零)、发生缺页等。他们有的可以恢复(如缺页),有的不可恢复(如除零),只能终止程序执行。\n陷入(Trap),指我们主动通过一条指令停下来,并跳转到处理函数。常见的形式有通过ecall进行系统调用(syscall),或通过ebreak进入断点(breakpoint)。\n外部中断(Interrupt),简称中断,指的是 CPU 的执行过程被外设发来的信号打断,此时我们必须先停下来对该外设进行处理。典型的有定时器倒计时结束、串口收到数据等。\n外部中断是异步(asynchronous)的,CPU 并不知道外部中断将何时发生。CPU 也并不需要一直在原地等着外部中断的发生,而是执行代码,有了外部中断才去处理。我们知道,CPU 的主频远高于 I/O 设备,这样避免了 CPU 资源的浪费。\n\n本章你将会学到:\n\nriscv 的中断相关知识\n中断前后如何进行上下文环境的保存与恢复\n处理最简单的断点中断和时钟中断。\n\n\n[info] 为何先学习中断?\n我们在实现操作系统过程中,会出现各种不可预知的异常错误,且系统一般都会当机(挂了),让开发者不知所措。如果我们实现的 OS 有了中断(包括异常)处理能力,那么在由于某种编程失误产生异常时,OS 能感知到异常,并能提供相关信息(比如异常出现的原因,异常产生的地址等)给开发者,便于开发者修改程序。\n另外,中断机制(特别是时钟中断)是实现后续进程切换与调度、系统服务机制等的基础。\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter3/part1.html":{"url":"chapter3/part1.html","title":"rv64 中断介绍","keywords":"","body":"rv64 中断介绍\n再看 rv64 权限模式\n\n[info] 再看 riscv64 的 M Mode\nM-mode(机器模式,缩写为 M 模式)是 RISC-V 中 hart(hardware thread,硬件线程)可以执行的最高权限模式。在 M 模式下运行的 hart 对内存,I/O 和一些对于启动和配置系统来说必要的底层功能有着完全的使用权。默认情况下,发生所有异常(不论在什么权限模式下)的时候,控制权都会被移交到 M 模式的异常处理程序。它是唯一所有标准 RISC-V 处理器都必须实现的权限模式。\n[info] 再看 riscv64 的 S Mode\nS-mode(监管者模式,缩写为 S 模式)是支持现代类 Unix 操作系统的权限模式,支持基于页面的虚拟内存机制是其核心。 Unix 系统中的大多数例外都应该进行 S 模式下的系统调用。M 模式的异常处理程序可以将异常重新导向 S 模式,也支持通过异常委托机制(Machine Interrupt Delegation,机器中断委托)选择性地将中断和同步异常直接交给 S 模式处理,而完全绕过 M 模式。\n\nrv64 中断相关寄存器\n下面的寄存器主要用于设置或保存中断相关的静态或动态信息。\n\n [info] 中断相关寄存器 \n当我们触发中断进入 S 态进行处理时,以下寄存器会被硬件自动设置:\nsepc(exception program counter),它会记录触发中断的那条指令的地址;\nscause,它会记录中断发生的原因,还会记录该中断是不是一个外部中断;\nstval,它会记录一些中断处理所需要的辅助信息,比如取指、访存、缺页异常,它会把发生问题的目标地址记录下来,这样我们在中断处理程序中就知道处理目标了。\n还有一些中断配置的寄存器:\nstvec,设置如何寻找 S 态中断处理程序的起始地址,保存了中断向量表基址 BASE,同时还有模式 MODE。\n当MODE=0\\text{MODE}=0MODE=0,设置为 Direct 模式时,无论中断因何发生我们都直接跳转到基址pc=BASE\\text{pc}=\\text{BASE}pc=BASE。\n当MODE=1\\text{MODE}=1MODE=1时,设置为 Vectored 模式时,遇到中断我们会进行跳转如下:pc=BASE+4×cause\\text{pc}=\\text{BASE}+4\\times\\text{cause}pc=BASE+4×cause。而这样,我们只需将各中断处理程序放在正确的位置,并设置好 stvec ,遇到中断的时候硬件根据中断原因就会自动跳转到对应的中断处理程序了;\nsstatus,S 态控制状态寄存器。保存全局中断使能标志,以及许多其他的状态。可设置此寄存器来中断使能与否。\n\nrv64 中断相关特权指令\n我们再来看一下中断相关的指令。\n\n [info] 中断相关指令 \necall(environment call),当我们在 S 态执行这条指令时,会触发一个 ecall-from-s-mode-exception,从而进入 M 模式中的中断处理流程(如设置定时器等);当我们在 U 态执行这条指令时,会触发一个 ecall-from-u-mode-exception,从而进入 S 模式中的中断处理流程(常用来进行系统调用)。\nsret,用于 S 态中断返回到 U 态,实际作用为pc=sepc\\text{pc}=\\text{sepc}pc=sepc,回顾sepc定义,返回到通过中断进入 S 态之前的地址。\nebreak(environment break),执行这条指令会触发一个断点中断从而进入中断处理流程。\nmret,用于 M 态中断返回到 S 态或 U 态,实际作用为pc=mepc\\text{pc}=\\text{mepc}pc=mepc,回顾sepc定义,返回到通过中断进入 M 态之前的地址。(一般不用涉及)\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter3/part2.html":{"url":"chapter3/part2.html","title":"手动触发断点中断","keywords":"","body":"手动触发断点中断\n\n代码\n\n如要让 OS 正确处理各种中断,首先 OS 在初始化时,需要设置好中断处理程序的起始地址,并使能中断。\n我们引入一个对寄存器进行操作的库,这样就可以不用自己写了。\n// Cargo.toml\n\n[dependencies]\nriscv = { git = \"https://github.com/rcore-os/riscv\", features = [\"inline-asm\"] }\n\n设置中断处理程序起始地址\n为了方便起见,我们先将 stvec 设置为 Direct 模式跳转到一个统一的处理程序。\n// src/lib.rs\n\nmod interrupt;\n\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\nuse riscv::register::{\n scause,\n sepc,\n stvec,\n sscratch\n};\n\npub fn init() {\n unsafe {\n sscratch::write(0);\n stvec::write(trap_handler as usize, stvec::TrapMode::Direct);\n }\n println!(\"++++ setup interrupt! ++++\");\n}\n\nfn trap_handler() -> ! {\n let cause = scause::read().cause();\n let epc = sepc::read();\n println!(\"trap: cause: {:?}, epc: 0x{:#x}\", cause, epc);\n panic!(\"trap handled!\");\n}\n\n这里我们通过设置 stvec 使得所有中断都跳转到 trap_handler 并将其作为中断处理程序。而这个中断处理程序仅仅输出了一下中断原因以及中断发生的地址,就匆匆 panic 了事。\n\n[info] 初始化时为何将sscratch寄存器置 0?\n将sscratch寄存器置 0 也许让人费解,我们会在part4 实现上下文环境保存与恢复中 j 进一步详细分析它的作用。简单地说,这里的设置是为了在产生中断是根据 sscratch 的值是否为 0 来判断是在 S 态产生的中断还是 U 态(用户态)产生的中断。由于这里还没有 U 态的存在,所以这里是否置 0 其实并无影响。\n\n我们在主函数中通过汇编指令手动触发断点中断:\n// src/init.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n crate::interrupt::init();\n unsafe {\n asm!(\"ebreak\"::::\"volatile\");\n }\n panic!(\"end of rust_main\");\n}\n\n使用 make run构建并运行,有结果,但不是想看到的:\n\n[danger] 非预期的显示结果\n++++ setup interrupt! ++++\n++++ setup interrupt! ++++\n......\n\n\n开启内核态中断使能\n为何没有中断处理程序的显示,而是 qemu 模拟的 riscv 计算机不断地重新启动?仔细检查一下代码,发现在初始化阶段缺少使能中断这一步!\n事实上寄存器 sstatus 中有一控制位 SIE,表示 S 态全部中断的使能。如果没有设置这个SIE控制位,那在 S 态是不能正常接受时钟中断的。需要对下面的代码进行修改,在初始化阶段添加使能中断这一步:\ndiff --git a/os/src/interrupt.rs b/os/src/interrupt.rs\n...\n@@ -2,13 +2,15 @@ use riscv::register::{\n scause,\n sepc,\n stvec,\n- sscratch\n+ sscratch,\n+ sstatus\n };\n\n pub fn init() {\n unsafe {\n sscratch::write(0);\n stvec::write(trap_handler as usize, stvec::TrapMode::Direct);\n+ sstatus::set_sie();\n }\n println!(\"++++ setup interrupt! ++++\");\n }\n\n再使用 make run构建并运行,有预想的结果了!\n\n[success] trap handled\n++++ setup interrupt! ++++\ntrap: cause: Exception(Breakpoint), epc: 0x0x80200022\npanicked at 'trap handled!', src/interrupt.rs:20:5\n\n\n可见在进入中断处理程序之前,硬件为我们正确的设置好了 scause,sepc 寄存器;随后我们正确的进入了设定的中断处理程序。如果输出与预期不一致的话,可以在这里找到目前的代码进行参考。\n到目前为止,虽然能够响应中断了,但在执行完中断处理程序后,系统还无法返回到之前中断处继续执行。如何做到?请看下一节。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter3/part3.html":{"url":"chapter3/part3.html","title":"程序运行上下文环境","keywords":"","body":"程序运行上下文环境\n\n代码\n\n考虑在中断发生之前,程序的程序运行上下文环境(也称运行状态,程序运行中的中间结果)保存在一些寄存器中。而中断发生时,硬件仅仅帮我们设置中断原因、中断地址,随后就根据 stvec 直接跳转到中断处理程序。而中断处理程序可能会修改了那个保存了重要结果的寄存器,而后,即使处理结束后使用 sret 指令跳回到中断发生的位置,原来的程序也会一脸懵逼:这个中间结果怎么突然变了?\n\n[info] 函数调用与调用约定(calling convention)\n其实中断处理也算是一种函数调用,而我们必须保证在函数调用前后上下文环境(包括各寄存器的值)不发生变化。而寄存器分为两种,一种是调用者保存(caller-saved),也就是子程序可以肆无忌惮的修改这些寄存器而不必考虑后果,因为在进入子程序之前他们已经被保存了;另一种是被调用者保存(callee-saved),即子程序必须保证自己被调用前后这些寄存器的值不变。\n函数调用还有一些其它问题,比如参数如何传递——是通过寄存器传递还是放在栈上。这些标准由指令集在调用约定(calling convention)中规定,并由操作系统和编译器实现。\n调用约定(calling convention) 是二进制接口(ABI, Application Binary Interface)的一个重要方面。在进行多语言同时开发时尤其需要考虑。设想多种语言的函数互相调来调去,那时你就只能考虑如何折腾寄存器和栈了。\n\n简单起见,在中断处理前,我们把全部寄存器都保存在栈上,并在中断处理后返回到被打断处之前还原所有保存的寄存器,这样总不会出错。我们使用一个名为中断帧(TrapFrame)的结构体来记录这些寄存器的值:\n// src/lib.rs\n\nmod context;\n\n// src/context.rs\n\nuse riscv::register::{\n sstatus::Sstatus,\n scause::Scause,\n};\n\n#[repr(C)]\n#[derive(Debug)]\npub struct TrapFrame {\n pub x: [usize; 32], // General registers\n pub sstatus: Sstatus, // Supervisor Status Register\n pub sepc: usize, // Supervisor exception program counter\n pub stval: usize, // Supervisor trap value\n pub scause: Scause, // Scause register: record the cause of exception/interrupt/trap\n}\n\n我们将323232个通用寄存器全保存下来,同时还之前提到过的进入中断之前硬件会自动设置的三个寄存器,还有状态寄存器 sstatus 也会被修改。\n其中属性#[repr(C)]表示对这个结构体按照 C 语言标准进行内存布局,即从起始地址开始,按照字段的声明顺序依次排列,如果不加上这条属性的话,Rust 编译器对结构体的内存布局是不确定的(Rust 语言标准没有结构体内存布局的规定),我们就无法使用汇编代码对它进行正确的读写。\n如何在中断处理过程中保存与恢复程序的上下文环境?请看下一节。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter3/part4.html":{"url":"chapter3/part4.html","title":"实现上下文环境保存与恢复","keywords":"","body":"实现上下文环境保存与恢复\n\n代码\n\nOS 在正确完成中断初始化(设置中断处理程序的起始地址,并使能中断)后,还需为被中断的程序保存和恢复当时程序运行时的上下文(实际上就是一堆寄存器的值,具体内容在[part3 中描述的中断帧(TrapFrame)结构体][part3.md]中有详细定义)\n# src/trap/trap.asm\n\n .section.text\n .globl __alltraps\n__alltraps:\n SAVE_ALL\n mv a0, sp\n jal rust_trap\n\n .globl __trapret\n__trapret\n RESTORE_ALL\n sret\n\n我们首先定义 __alltraps 函数作为所有中断处理程序的入口,这里我们首先通过 SAVE_ALL (汇编宏)来保存上下文环境,随后将当前栈顶地址 sp 的值给到寄存器 a0 ,这是因为在 risc-v calling convention 中,规定 a0 保存函数输入的第一个参数,于是就相当于将栈顶地址传给函数 rust_trap 作为第一个参数。\n随后,我们通过 jal 调用 rust_trap 函数并在返回之后跳转到调用语句的下一条指令。实际上调用返回之后进入 __trapret 函数,这里我们通过 RESTORE_ALL (汇编宏)恢复中断之前的上下文环境,并最终通过一条 sret 指令跳转到 sepc指向的地址,即回到触发中断的那条指令所在地址。这会导致触发中断的那条指令又被执行一次。\n注意,由于这部分用到了 SAVE_ALL 和 RESTORE_ALL 两个汇编宏,所以这部分必须写在最下面。\n我们定义几个常量和宏:\n# src/trap/trap.asm\n\n# 常量:表示每个寄存器占的字节数,由于是64位,都是8字节\n.equ XLENB 8\n\n# 将地址 sp+8*a2 处的值 load 到寄存器 a1 内\n.macro LOAD a1, a2\n ld \\a1, \\a2*XLENB(sp)\n.endm\n\n# 将寄存器 a1 内的值 store 到地址 sp+8*a2 内\n.macro STORE a1, a2\n sd \\a1, \\a2*XLENB(sp)\n.endm\n\n保存上下文环境\nSAVE_ALL 的原理是:将一整个 TrapFrame 保存在内核栈上。我们现在就处在内核态(S 态),因此现在的栈顶地址 sp 就指向内核栈地址。但是,之后我们还要支持运行用户态程序,顾名思义,要在用户态(U 态)上运行,在中断时栈顶地址 sp 将指向用户栈顶地址,这种情况下我们要从用户栈切换到内核栈。\n# src/trap/trap.asm\n\n# 规定若在中断之前处于 U 态(用户态)\n# 则 sscratch 保存的是内核栈地址\n# 否则中断之前处于 S 态(内核态),sscratch 保存的是 0\n.macro SAVE_ALL\n # 通过原子操作交换 sp, sscratch\n # 实际上是将右侧寄存器的值写入中间 csr\n # 并将中间 csr 的值写入左侧寄存器\n csrrw sp, sscratch, sp\n\n # 如果 sp=0 ,说明交换前 sscratch=0\n # 则说明从内核态进入中断,不用切换栈\n # 因此不跳转,继续执行 csrr 再将 sscratch 的值读回 sp\n # 此时 sp,sscratch 均保存内核栈\n\n # 否则 说明sp!=0,说明从用户态进入中断,要切换栈\n # 由于 sscratch 规定,二者交换后\n # 此时 sp 为内核栈, sscratch 为用户栈\n # 略过 csrr 指令\n\n # 两种情况接下来都是在内核栈上保存上下文环境\n bnez sp, trap_from_user\ntrap_from_kernel:\n csrr sp, sscratch\ntrap_from_user:\n # 提前分配栈帧\n addi sp, sp, -36*XLENB\n # 按照地址递增的顺序,保存除x0, x2之外的通用寄存器\n # x0 恒为 0 不必保存\n # x2 为 sp 寄存器,需特殊处理\n STORE x1, 1\n STORE x3, 3\n STORE x4, 4\n ...\n STORE x30, 30\n STORE x31, 31\n\n # 若从内核态进入中断,此时 sscratch 为内核栈地址\n # 若从用户态进入中断,此时 sscratch 为用户栈地址\n # 将 sscratch 的值保存在 s0 中,并将 sscratch 清零\n csrrw s0, sscratch, x0\n # 分别将四个寄存器的值保存在 s1,s2,s3,s4 中\n csrr s1, sstatus\n csrr s2, sepc\n csrr s3, stval\n csrr s4, scause\n\n # 将 s0 保存在栈上\n STORE s0, 2\n # 将 s1,s2,s3,s4 保存在栈上\n STORE s1, 32\n STORE s2, 33\n STORE s3, 34\n STORE s4, 35\n.endm\n\n在 SAVE_ALL 之后,我们将一整个 TrapFrame 存在了内核栈上,且在地址区间[sp,sp+36×8)[\\text{sp},\\text{sp}+36\\times8)[sp,sp+36×8)上按照顺序存放了 TrapFrame 的各个字段。这样,rust_trap 可以通过栈顶地址正确访问 TrapFrame 了。\n恢复上下文环境\n而 RESTORE_ALL 正好是一个反过来的过程:\n# src/trap/trap.asm\n\n.macro RESTORE_ALL\n # s1 = sstatus\n LOAD s1, 32\n # s2 = sepc\n LOAD s2, 33\n # 我们可以通过另一种方式判断是从内核态还是用户态进入中断\n # 如果从内核态进入中断, sstatus 的 SPP 位被硬件设为 1\n # 如果从用户态进入中断, sstatus 的 SPP 位被硬件设为 0\n # 取出 sstatus 的 SPP\n andi s0, s1, 1 \n现在是时候实现中断处理函数 rust_trap了!\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\n// 引入 TrapFrame 结构体\nuse crate::context::TrapFrame;\n\n// 载入 trap.asm\nglobal_asm!(include_str!(\"trap/trap.asm\"));\n\npub fn init() {\n unsafe {\n extern \"C\" {\n // 中断处理总入口\n fn __alltraps();\n }\n // 经过上面的分析,由于现在是在内核态\n // 我们要把 sscratch 初始化为 0\n sscratch::write(0);\n // 仍使用 Direct 模式\n // 将中断处理总入口设置为 __alltraps\n stvec::write(__alltraps as usize, stvec::TrapMode::Direct);\n // 设置 sstatus 的 SIE 位\n sstatus::set_sie();\n }\n println!(\"++++ setup interrupt! ++++\");\n}\n\n// 删除原来的 trap_handler ,改成 rust_trap\n// 以 &mut TrapFrame 作为参数,因此可以知道中断相关信息\n// 在这里进行中断分发及处理\n#[no_mangle]\npub fn rust_trap(tf: &mut TrapFrame) {\n println!(\"rust_trap!\");\n // 触发中断时,硬件会将 sepc 设置为触发中断指令的地址\n // 而中断处理结束,使用 sret 返回时也会跳转到 sepc 处\n // 于是我们又要执行一次那条指令,触发中断,无限循环下去\n // 而我们这里是断点中断,只想这个中断触发一次\n // 因此我们将中断帧内的 sepc 字段设置为触发中断指令下一条指令的地址,即中断结束后跳过这条语句\n // 由于 riscv64 的每条指令都是 32 位,4 字节,因此将地址+ 4 即可\n // 这样在 RESTORE_ALL 时,这个修改后的 sepc 字段就会被 load 到 sepc 寄存器中\n // 使用 sret 返回时就会跳转到 ebreak 的下一条指令了\n tf.sepc += 4;\n}\n\n看起来很对,那我们 make run 运行一下吧!\n\n[danger] infinite rust_trap\n结果却不尽如人意,输出了一大堆乱码!\n\n我们使用 make asm 检查一下生成的汇编代码,看看是不是哪里出了问题。找到我们手动触发中断的 ebreak 指令:\n...\n0000000080200010 rust_main:\n80200010: 01 11 addi sp, sp, -32\n80200012: 06 ec sd ra, 24(sp)\n80200014: 22 e8 sd s0, 16(sp)\n80200016: 00 10 addi s0, sp, 32\n80200018: 97 00 00 00 auipc ra, 0\n8020001c: e7 80 40 10 jalr 260(ra)\n80200020: 09 a0 j 2\n80200022: 02 90 ebreak\n\n0000000080200024 .LBB0_3:\n80200024: 17 35 00 00 auipc a0, 3\n...\n\n不是说 riscv64 里面每条指令长度为 4 字节吗?我们发现 ebreak 这条指令仅长为 2 字节。我们将 ebreak 所在的地址 +4 ,得到的甚至不是一条合法指令的开头,而是下一条指令正中间的地址!这样当然有问题了。\n我们回头来看 riscv64 目标三元组中的一个设置:\n\"features\": \"+m,+a,+c\",\n\n实际上,这表示指令集的拓展。+m 表示可以使用整数乘除法指令; +a 表示可以使用原子操作指令; +c 表示开启压缩指令集,即对于一些常见指令,编译器会将其压缩到 161616 位即 222 字节,来降低可执行文件的大小!这就出现了上面那种诡异的情况。\n所以我们只需将 sepc 修正为 +2:\n- tf.sepc += 4;\n+ tf.sepc += 2;\n\n再 make run 尝试一下:\n\n[success] back from trap \n++++ setup interrupt! ++++\nrust_trap!\npanicked at 'end of rust_main', src/init.rs:9:5\n\n可以看到,我们确实手动触发中断,调用了中断处理函数,并通过上下文保存与恢复机制保护了上下文环境不受到破坏,正确在 ebreak 中断处理程序返回之后 panic。\n迄今为止的代码可以在这里找到。如果出现了问题的话就来检查一下吧。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter3/part5.html":{"url":"chapter3/part5.html","title":"时钟中断","keywords":"","body":"时钟中断\n\n代码\n\n在本节中,我们处理一种很重要的中断:时钟中断。这种中断我们可以设定为每隔一段时间硬件自动触发一次,在其对应的中断处理程序里,我们回到内核态,并可以强制对用户态或内核态的程序进行打断、调度、监控,并进一步管理它们对于资源的使用情况。\n\n[info] riscv 中的中断寄存器\nS 态的中断寄存器主要有 sie(Supervisor Interrupt Enable,监管中断使能), sip (Supervisor Interrupt Pending,监管中断待处理)两个,其中 s 表示 S 态,i 表示中断, e/p 表示 enable (使能)/ pending (提交申请)。\n处理的中断分为三种:\n\nSI(Software Interrupt),软件中断\nTI(Timer Interrupt),时钟中断\nEI(External Interrupt),外部中断\n\n比如 sie 有一个 STIE 位, 对应 sip 有一个 STIP 位,与时钟中断 TI 有关。当硬件决定触发时钟中断时,会将 STIP 设置为 1,当一条指令执行完毕后,如果发现 STIP 为 1,此时如果时钟中断使能,即 sie 的 STIE 位也为 1 ,就会进入 S 态时钟中断的处理程序。\n\n时钟初始化\n// src/lib.rs\n\nmod timer;\n\n// src/timer.rs\n\nuse crate::sbi::set_timer;\nuse riscv::register::{\n time,\n sie\n};\n\n// 当前已触发多少次时钟中断\npub static mut TICKS: usize = 0;\n// 触发时钟中断时间间隔\n// 数值一般约为 cpu 频率的 1% , 防止过多占用 cpu 资源\nstatic TIMEBASE: u64 = 100000;\npub fn init() {\n unsafe {\n // 初始化时钟中断触发次数\n TICKS = 0;\n // 设置 sie 的 TI 使能 STIE 位\n sie::set_stimer();\n }\n // 硬件机制问题我们不能直接设置时钟中断触发间隔\n // 只能当每一次时钟中断触发时\n // 设置下一次时钟中断的触发时间\n // 设置为当前时间加上 TIMEBASE\n // 这次调用用来预处理\n clock_set_next_event();\n println!(\"++++ setup timer! ++++\");\n}\n\npub fn clock_set_next_event() {\n // 调用 OpenSBI 提供的接口设置下次时钟中断触发时间\n set_timer(get_cycle() + TIMEBASE);\n}\n\n// 获取当前时间\nfn get_cycle() -> u64 {\n time::read() as u64\n}\n\n开启内核态中断使能\n事实上寄存器 sstatus 中有一控制位 SIE,表示 S 态全部中断的使能。如果没有设置这个SIE控制位,那在 S 态是不能正常接受时钟中断的。\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\npub fn init() {\n unsafe {\n extern \"C\" {\n fn __alltraps();\n }\n sscratch::write(0);\n stvec::write(__alltraps as usize, stvec::TrapMode::Direct);\n // 设置 sstatus 的 SIE 位\n sstatus::set_sie();\n }\n println!(\"++++ setup interrupt! ++++\");\n}\n\n响应时钟中断\n让我们来更新 rust_trap 函数来让它能够处理多种不同的中断——当然事到如今也只有三种中断:\n\n使用 ebreak 触发的断点中断;\n使用 ecall 触发的系统调用中断;\n时钟中断。\n\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\nuse riscv::register::{\n scause::{\n self,\n Trap,\n Exception,\n Interrupt\n },\n sepc,\n stvec,\n sscratch,\n sstatus\n};\nuse crate::timer::{\n TICKS,\n clock_set_next_event\n};\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub fn rust_trap(tf: &mut TrapFrame) {\n // 根据中断原因分类讨论\n match tf.scause.cause() {\n // 断点中断\n Trap::Exception(Exception::Breakpoint) => breakpoint(&mut tf.sepc),\n // S态时钟中断\n Trap::Interrupt(Interrupt::SupervisorTimer) => super_timer(),\n _ => panic!(\"undefined trap!\")\n }\n}\n\n// 断点中断处理:输出断点地址并改变中断返回地址防止死循环\nfn breakpoint(sepc: &mut usize) {\n println!(\"a breakpoint set @0x{:x}\", sepc);\n *sepc += 2;\n}\n\n// S态时钟中断处理\nfn super_timer() {\n // 设置下一次时钟中断触发时间\n clock_set_next_event();\n unsafe {\n // 更新时钟中断触发计数\n // 注意由于 TICKS 是 static mut 的\n // 后面会提到,多个线程都能访问这个变量\n // 如果同时进行 +1 操作,会造成计数错误或更多严重bug\n // 因此这是 unsafe 的,不过目前先不用管这个\n TICKS += 1;\n // 每触发 100 次时钟中断将计数清零并输出\n if (TICKS == 100) {\n TICKS = 0;\n println!(\"* 100 ticks *\");\n }\n }\n // 由于一般都是在死循环内触发时钟中断\n // 因此我们同样的指令再执行一次也无妨\n // 因此不必修改 sepc\n}\n\n同时修改主函数 rust_main :\n// src/init.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n crate::interrupt::init();\n // 时钟初始化\n crate::timer::init();\n unsafe {\n asm!(\"ebreak\"::::\"volatile\");\n }\n panic!(\"end of rust_main\");\n loop {}\n}\n\n我们期望能够同时处理断点中断和时钟中断。断点中断会输出断点地址并返回,接下来就是 panic,我们 panic 的处理函数定义如下:\n// src/lang_items.rs\n\n#[panic_handler]\nfn panic(info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n println!(\"{}\", info);\n loop {}\n}\n\n就是输出 panic 信息并死循环。我们可以在这个死循环里不断接受并处理时钟中断了。\n最后的结果确实如我们所想:\n\n[success] breakpoint & timer interrupt handling\n++++ setup interrupt! ++++\n++++ setup timer! ++++\na breakpoint set @0x8020002c\npanicked at 'end of rust_main', src/init.rs:11:5\n* 100 ticks *\n* 100 ticks *\n...\n\n\n如果出现问题的话,可以在这里找到目前的代码。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter3/part6.html":{"url":"chapter3/part6.html","title":"总结与展望","keywords":"","body":"总结与展望\n通过本章的学习,我们了解了 riscv 的中断处理机制、相关寄存器与指令。我们知道在中断前后需要恢复上下文环境,用 一个名为中断帧(TrapFrame)的结构体存储了要保存的各寄存器,并用了很大篇幅解释如何通过精巧的汇编代码实现上下文环境保存与恢复机制。最终,我们通过处理断点和时钟中断验证了我们正确实现了中断机制。\n从下章开始,我们介绍操作系统是如何管理我们的内存资源的。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter4/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter4/introduction.html","title":"第四章:内存管理","keywords":"","body":"第四章:内存管理\n本章概要\n本章你将会学到:\n\n物理内存的探测、分配和管理\n内核内部动态分配内存\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter4/part1.html":{"url":"chapter4/part1.html","title":"物理内存探测与管理","keywords":"","body":"物理内存探测与管理\n\n代码\n\n我们知道,物理内存通常是一片 RAM ,我们可以把它看成一个以字节为单位的大数组,通过物理地址找到对应的位置进行读写。但是,物理地址并不仅仅只能访问物理内存,也可以用来访问其他的外设,因此你也可以认为物理内存也算是一种外设。\n这样设计是因为:如果访问其他外设要使用不同的指令(如 x86 单独提供了in, out 指令来访问不同于内存的IO地址空间),会比较麻烦,于是很多 CPU(如 RISC-V,ARM,MIPS 等)通过 MMIO(Memory Mapped I/O) 技术将外设映射到一段物理地址,这样我们访问其他外设就和访问物理内存一样啦!\n我们先不管那些外设,来看物理内存。\n物理内存探测\n操作系统怎样知道物理内存所在的那段物理地址呢?在 RISC-V 中,这个一般是由 bootloader ,即 OpenSBI 来完成的。它来完成对于包括物理内存在内的各外设的扫描,将扫描结果以 DTB(Device Tree Blob) 的格式保存在物理内存中的某个地方。随后 OpenSBI 会将其地址保存在 a1 寄存器中,给我们使用。\n这个扫描结果描述了所有外设的信息,当中也包括 Qemu 模拟的 RISC-V 计算机中的物理内存。\n\n[info] Qemu 模拟的 RISC-V virt 计算机中的物理内存\n通过查看virt.c的virt_memmap[]的定义,可以了解到 Qemu 模拟的 RISC-V virt 计算机的详细物理内存布局。可以看到,整个物理内存中有不少内存空洞(即含义为unmapped的地址空间),也有很多外设特定的地址空间,现在我们看不懂没有关系,后面会慢慢涉及到。目前只需关心最后一块含义为DRAM的地址空间,这就是 OS 将要管理的 128MB 的内存空间。\n\n\n\n起始地址\n终止地址\n含义\n\n\n\n\n0x0\n0x100\nQEMU VIRT_DEBUG\n\n\n0x100\n0x1000\nunmapped\n\n\n0x1000\n0x12000\nQEMU MROM (包括 hard-coded reset vector; device tree)\n\n\n0x12000\n0x100000\nunmapped\n\n\n0x100000\n0x101000\nQEMU VIRT_TEST\n\n\n0x101000\n0x2000000\nunmapped\n\n\n0x2000000\n0x2010000\nQEMU VIRT_CLINT\n\n\n0x2010000\n0x3000000\nunmapped\n\n\n0x3000000\n0x3010000\nQEMU VIRT_PCIE_PIO\n\n\n0x3010000\n0xc000000\nunmapped\n\n\n0xc000000\n0x10000000\nQEMU VIRT_PLIC\n\n\n0x10000000\n0x10000100\nQEMU VIRT_UART0\n\n\n0x10000100\n0x10001000\nunmapped\n\n\n0x10001000\n0x10002000\nQEMU VIRT_VIRTIO\n\n\n0x10002000\n0x20000000\nunmapped\n\n\n0x20000000\n0x24000000\nQEMU VIRT_FLASH\n\n\n0x24000000\n0x30000000\nunmapped\n\n\n0x30000000\n0x40000000\nQEMU VIRT_PCIE_ECAM\n\n\n0x40000000\n0x80000000\nQEMU VIRT_PCIE_MMIO\n\n\n0x80000000\n0x88000000\nDRAM 缺省 128MB,大小可配置\n\n\n\n\n不过为了简单起见,我们并不打算自己去解析这个结果。因为我们知道,Qemu 规定的 DRAM 物理内存的起始物理地址为 0x80000000 。而在 Qemu 中,可以使用 -m 指定 RAM 的大小,默认是 128MiB128\\text{MiB}128MiB 。因此,默认的 DRAM 物理内存地址范围就是 [0x80000000,0x88000000) 。我们直接将 DRAM 物理内存结束地址硬编码到内核中:\n// src/lib.rs\n\nmod consts;\n\n// src/consts.rs\n\npub const PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END: usize = 0x88000000;\n\n但是,有一部分 DRAM 空间已经被占用,不能用来存别的东西了!\n\n物理地址空间 [0x80000000,0x80200000) 被 OpenSBI 占用;\n物理地址空间 [0x80200000,KernelEnd) 被内核各代码与数据段占用;\n其实设备树扫描结果 DTB 还占用了一部分物理内存,不过由于我们不打算使用它,所以可以将它所占用的空间用来存别的东西。\n\n于是,我们可以用来存别的东西的物理内存的物理地址范围是:[KernelEnd, 0x88000000) 。这里的 KernelEnd​ 为内核代码结尾的物理地址。在 linker64.ld 中定义的 end 符号为内核代码结尾的虚拟地址,我们需要通过偏移量来将其转化为物理地址。\n我们来将可用的物理内存地址范围打印出来:\n// src/consts.rs\n\npub const KERNEL_BEGIN_PADDR: usize = 0x80200000;\npub const KERNEL_BEGIN_VADDR: usize = 0x80200000;\n\n// src/init.rs\n\nuse crate::consts::*;\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n extern \"C\" {\n fn end();\n }\n println!(\n \"free physical memory paddr = [{:#x}, {:#x})\",\n end as usize - KERNEL_BEGIN_VADDR + KERNEL_BEGIN_PADDR,\n PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END\n );\n crate::interrupt::init();\n crate::timer::init();\n loop {}\n}\n\n\n[success] 可用物理内存地址 \nfree physical memory paddr = [0x8020b000, 0x88000000)\n\n物理页帧与物理页号\n通常,我们在分配物理内存时并不是以字节为单位,而是以一物理页帧(Frame),即连续的 212=40962^{12}=40962​12​​=4096 字节为单位分配。我们希望用物理页号(Physical Page Number, PPN) 来代表一物理页,实际上代表物理地址范围在 [PPN×212,(PPN+1)×212)[\\text{PPN}\\times 2^{12},(\\text{PPN}+1)\\times 2^{12})[PPN×2​12​​,(PPN+1)×2​12​​) 的一物理页。\n不难看出,物理页号与物理页形成一一映射。为了能够使用物理页号这种表达方式,每个物理页的开头地址必须是 212=40962^{12}=40962​12​​=4096 的倍数。但这也给了我们一个方便:对于一个物理地址,其除以 409640964096 (或者说右移 $12$ 位) 的商即为这个物理地址所在的物理页号。\n以这种方式,我们看一下可用物理内存的物理页号表达。将 init.rs 中的输出语句略做改动:\n// src/init.rs\n\nprintln!(\n \"free physical memory ppn = [{:#x}, {:#x})\",\n ((end as usize - KERNEL_BEGIN_VADDR + KERNEL_BEGIN_PADDR) >> 12) + 1,\n PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END >> 12\n);\n\n\n[success] 可用物理页号区间\nfree physical memory ppn = [0x8020c, 0x88000)\n\n物理内存页式管理\n对于物理内存的页式管理而言,我们所要支持的操作是:\n\n分配一个物理页,返回其物理页号;\n给定一个物理页号,回收其对应的物理页。\n给定一个页号区间进行初始化。\n\n我们考虑用一颗非递归线段树来维护这些操作。节点上的值存的是 0/10/10/1 表示这个节点对应的区间内是否还有空闲物理页(0=空闲,1=被占用)。\n// src/const.rs\n\npub const MAX_PHYSICAL_MEMORY: usize = 0x8000000;\npub const MAX_PHYSICAL_PAGES: usize = MAX_PHYSICAL_MEMORY >> 12;\n\n// src/lib.rs\n\nmod memory;\n\n// src/memory/mod.rs\n\nmod frame_allocator;\n\n// src/memory/frame_allocator.rs\n\nuse crate::consts::MAX_PHYSICAL_PAGES;\n\npub struct SegmentTreeAllocator {\n a: [u8; MAX_PHYSICAL_PAGES usize {\n // assume that we never run out of physical memory\n if self.a[1] == 1 {\n panic!(\"physical memory depleted!\");\n }\n let mut p = 1;\n while p >= 1;\n while p > 0 {\n self.a[p] = self.a[p >= 1;\n }\n result\n }\n // 回收物理页号为 n 的物理页\n // 自下而上进行更新\n pub fn dealloc(&mut self, n: usize) {\n let mut p = n + self.m - self.offset;\n assert!(self.a[p] == 1);\n self.a[p] = 0;\n p >>= 1;\n while p > 0 {\n self.a[p] = self.a[p >= 1;\n }\n }\n}\n\n事实上每次分配的是可用的物理页号最小的页面,具体实现方面就不赘述了。\n我们还需要将这个类实例化并声明为 static ,因为它在整个程序 运行过程当中均有效。\n// os/Cargo.toml\n\n[dependencies]\nspin = \"0.5.2\"\n\n// src/memory/frame_allocator.rs\n\nuse spin::Mutex;\n\npub static SEGMENT_TREE_ALLOCATOR: Mutex = Mutex::new(SegmentTreeAllocator {\n a: [0; MAX_PHYSICAL_PAGES \n我们注意到在内核中开了一块比较大的静态内存,a 数组。那么 a 数组究竟有多大呢?实际上 a 数组的大小为最大可能物理页数的二倍,因此 a 数组大小仅为物理内存大小的 1212×2≃0.05%\\frac{1}{2^{12}}\\times 2\\simeq 0.05\\%​2​12​​​​1​​×2≃0.05%,可说是微乎其微。\n我们本来想把 SEGMENT_TREE_ALLOCATOR 声明为 static mut 类型,这是因为首先它需要是 static 类型的;其次,它的三个方法 init, alloc, dealloc 都需要修改自身。\n但是,对于 static mut 类型的修改操作是 unsafe 的。我们之后会提到线程的概念,对于 static 类型的静态数据,所有的线程都能访问。当一个线程正在访问这段数据的时候,如果另一个线程也来访问,就可能会产生冲突,并带来难以预测的结果。\n所以我们的方法是使用 spin::Mutex 给这段数据加一把锁,一个线程试图通过 .lock() 打开锁来获取内部数据的可变引用,如果钥匙被别的线程所占用,那么这个线程就会一直卡在这里;直到那个占用了钥匙的线程对内部数据的访问结束,锁被释放,将钥匙交还出来,被卡住的那个线程拿到了钥匙,就可打开锁获取内部引用,访问内部数据。\n这里使用的是 spin::Mutex , 我们在 Cargo.toml 中添加依赖。幸运的是,它也无需任何操作系统支持(即支持 no_std),我们可以放心使用。\n我们在 src/memory/mod.rs 里面再对这个类包装一下:\n// src/memory/mod.rs\n\nuse frame_allocator::SEGMENT_TREE_ALLOCATOR as FRAME_ALLOCATOR;\nuse riscv::addr::{\n // 分别为虚拟地址、物理地址、虚拟页、物理页帧\n // 非常方便,之后会经常用到\n // 用法可参见 https://github.com/rcore-os/riscv/blob/master/src/addr.rs\n VirtAddr,\n PhysAddr,\n Page,\n Frame\n};\n\npub fn init(l: usize, r: usize) {\n FRAME_ALLOCATOR.lock().init(l, r);\n println!(\"++++ setup memory! ++++\");\n}\npub fn alloc_frame() -> Option {\n //将物理页号转为物理页帧\n Some(Frame::of_ppn(FRAME_ALLOCATOR.lock().alloc()))\n}\npub fn dealloc_frame(f: Frame) {\n FRAME_ALLOCATOR.lock().dealloc(f.number())\n}\n\n现在我们来测试一下它是否能够很好的完成物理页分配与回收:\n// src/init.rs\n\nuse crate::memory::{\n alloc_frame,\n dealloc_frame\n};\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n extern \"C\" {\n fn end();\n }\n println!(\"kernel end vaddr = {:#x}\", end as usize);\n println!(\n \"free physical memory ppn = [{:#x}, {:#x})\",\n ((end as usize - KERNEL_BEGIN_VADDR + KERNEL_BEGIN_PADDR) >> 12) + 1,\n PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END >> 12\n );\n crate::interrupt::init();\n\n crate::memory::init(\n ((end as usize - KERNEL_BEGIN_VADDR + KERNEL_BEGIN_PADDR) >> 12) + 1,\n PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END >> 12\n );\n frame_allocating_test();\n crate::timer::init();\n\n unsafe {\n asm!(\"ebreak\"::::\"volatile\");\n }\n panic!(\"end of rust_main\");\n loop {}\n}\n\nfn frame_allocating_test() {\n println!(\"alloc {:x?}\", alloc_frame());\n let f = alloc_frame();\n println!(\"alloc {:x?}\", f);\n println!(\"alloc {:x?}\", alloc_frame());\n println!(\"dealloc {:x?}\", f);\n dealloc_frame(f.unwrap());\n println!(\"alloc {:x?}\", alloc_frame());\n println!(\"alloc {:x?}\", alloc_frame());\n}\n\n我们尝试在分配的过程中回收,之后再进行分配,结果如何呢?\n\n[success] 物理页分配与回收测试\nfree physical memory paddr = [0x8021f020, 0x88000000)\nfree physical memory ppn = [0x80220, 0x88000)\n++++ setup interrupt! ++++\n++++ setup timer! ++++\n++++ setup memory! ++++\nalloc Some(Frame(PhysAddr(80220000)))\nalloc Some(Frame(PhysAddr(80221000)))\nalloc Some(Frame(PhysAddr(80222000)))\ndealloc Some(Frame(PhysAddr(80221000)))\nalloc Some(Frame(PhysAddr(80221000)))\nalloc Some(Frame(PhysAddr(80223000)))\n* 100 ticks *\n* 100 ticks *\n...\n\n\n我们回收的页面接下来马上就又被分配出去了。\n如果结果有问题的话,在这里能找到现有的代码。\n不过,这种物理内存分配给人一种过家家的感觉。无论表面上分配、回收做得怎样井井有条,实际上都并没有对物理内存产生任何影响!不要着急,我们之后会使用它们的。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter4/part2.html":{"url":"chapter4/part2.html","title":"动态内存分配","keywords":"","body":"动态内存分配\n\n代码\n\n我们之前在 C/C++ 语言中使用过 new, malloc 等动态内存分配方法,与在编译期就已完成的静态内存分配相比,动态内存分配可以根据程序运行时状态修改内存申请的时机及大小,显得更为灵活,但是这是需要操作系统的支持的,会带来一些开销。\n我们的内核中也需要动态内存分配。典型的应用场景有:\n\nBox ,你可以理解为它和 new, malloc 有着相同的功能;\n引用计数 Rc , 原子引用计数 Arc ,主要用于在引用计数清零,即某对象不再被引用时,对该对象进行自动回收;\n一些数据结构,如 Vec, HashMap 等。\n\n为了在我们的内核中支持动态内存分配,在 Rust 语言中,我们需要实现 Trait GlobalAlloc ,将这个类实例化,并使用语义项 #[global_allocator] 进行标记。这样的话,编译器就会知道如何进行动态内存分配。\n为了实现 Trait GlobalAlloc ,我们需要支持这么两个函数:\nunsafe fn alloc(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8;\nunsafe fn dealloc(&self, ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout);\n\n可见我们要分配/回收一块虚拟内存。\n那么这里面的 Layout 又是什么呢?从文档中可以找到,它有两个字段: size 表示要分配的字节数,align 则表示分配的虚拟地址的最小对齐要求,即分配的地址要求是 align 的倍数。这里的 align 必须是 222 的幂次。\n也就表示,我们的需求是分配一块连续的、大小至少为 size 字节的虚拟内存,且对齐要求为 align 。\n连续内存分配算法\n假设我们已经有一整块虚拟内存用来分配,那么如何进行分配呢?\n我们可能会想到一些简单粗暴的方法,比如对于一个分配任务,贪心地将其分配到可行的最小地址去。这样一直分配下去的话,我们分配出去的内存都是连续的,看上去很合理的利用了内存。\n但是一旦涉及到回收的话,设想我们在连续分配出去的很多块内存中间突然回收掉一块,它虽然是可用的,但是由于上下两边都已经被分配出去,它就只有这么大而不能再被拓展了,这种可用的内存我们称之为外碎片。\n随着不断回收会产生越来越多的碎片,某个时刻我们可能会发现,需要分配一块较大的内存,几个碎片加起来大小是足够的,但是单个碎片是不够的。我们会想到通过碎片整理将几个碎片合并起来。但是这个过程的开销极大。\n* buddy system 算法简介\n这一节将介绍连续内存分配算法 buddy system 的实现细节与讨论,不感兴趣的读者可以跳过这一节。\n假设这一整块虚拟内存的大小是 222 的幂次,我们可以使用一种叫做 buddy system 的连续内存分配算法。其本质在于,每次分配的时候都恰好分配一块大小是 222 的幂次的内存,且要保证内存的开头地址需要是对齐的,也就是内存的开头地址需要是这块内存大小的倍数。\n只分配大小为 222 的幂次的内存,意味着如果需要一块大小为 65KiB65\\text{KiB}65KiB 内存,我们都只能给它分配一块 128KiB128\\text{KiB}128KiB 的内存,这其中有 63KiB63\\text{KiB}63KiB 我们没有使用但又没法再被分配出去,这种我们称之为内碎片。虽然也会产生一定的浪费,但是相比外碎片,它是可控且易于管理的。\n如伙伴分配器的一个极简实现所说,我们可以使用一颗线段树很容易地实现这个算法。我们只需在每个线段树节点上存当前区间上所能够分配的最大 222 的幂次的内存大小 mmm。\n\n分配时,为了尽可能满足分配的对齐需求,我们先尝试右子树,再尝试左子树,直到找到一个节点满足这个区间整体未分配,且它的左右子区间都不够分配,就将这个区间整体分配出去,将当前区间的 mmm 值改为 000 ;\n之后自下而上进行 mmm 值的更新,pa.m←max{ls.m,rs.m}\\text{pa}.m\\leftarrow \\max\\{\\text{ls}.m,\\text{rs}.m\\}pa.m←max{ls.m,rs.m} 。但有一个特例,如果左右区间均完全没有被分配,则 pa.m←ls.m+rs.m\\text{pa}.m\\leftarrow \\text{ls}.m + \\text{rs}.mpa.m←ls.m+rs.m , 即将两个区间合并成一个更大的区间以供分配。\n回收时只需找到分配时的那个节点,将其 mmm 值改回去,同时同样自下而上进行 mmm 值更新即可。从更新逻辑可以看出,我们实现了对于回收内存进行合并。\n\n这样的实现虽然比较简单,但是内存消耗较大。为了减少内存消耗,我们不存 mmm ,而用一个 u8 存 log2m\\log_2 mlog​2​​m ,但是整颗线段树仍需要消耗虚拟内存大小 222 倍的内存!因此,等于要占用 333 倍的内存,才能有一块虚拟内存用来连续分配,这会导致我们的内核及其臃肿。\n有些实现规定了最小分配块大小,比如说是 888 字节 ,这样我们只需总共占用 1.251.251.25 倍的内存就能有一块虚拟内存用于分配了!在我们 646464 位的环境下,哪怕分配一个智能指针也需要 888 字节,看上去挺合理的。还有一些其他方法,比如把底层换成 Bitmap 等卡常数手段...\n简单的思考一下,实现简便与内存节约不可兼得啊...\n支持动态内存分配\n我们这里直接用学长写好的 buddy system allocator。\n// Cargo.toml\n\n[dependencies]\nbuddy_system_allocator = \"0.3\"\n\n// src/lib.rs\n\n#![feature(alloc_error_handler)]\n\nextern crate alloc;\n\n// src/consts.rs\n\n// 内核堆大小为8MiB\npub const KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE: usize = 0x800000;\n\n// src/memory/mod.rs\n\nuse crate::consts::*;\nuse buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n\npub fn init(l: usize, r: usize) {\n FRAME_ALLOCATOR.lock().init(l, r);\n init_heap();\n println!(\"++++ setup memory! ++++\");\n}\n\nfn init_heap() {\n // 同样是在内核中开一块静态内存供 buddy system allocator 使用\n static mut HEAP: [u8; KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE] = [0; KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE];\n unsafe {\n // 这里我们也需要先开锁,才能进行操作\n DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR\n .lock()\n .init(HEAP.as_ptr() as usize, KERNEL_HEAP_SIZE);\n }\n}\n\n#[global_allocator]\nstatic DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap = LockedHeap::empty();\n\n#[alloc_error_handler]\nfn alloc_error_handler(_: core::alloc::Layout) -> ! {\n panic!(\"alloc_error_handler do nothing but panic!\");\n}\n\n动态内存分配测试\n现在我们来测试一下动态内存分配是否有效,分别动态分配一个整数和一个数组:\n// src/init.rs\n\nfn dynamic_allocating_test() {\n use alloc::vec::Vec;\n use alloc::boxed::Box;\n\n extern \"C\" {\n fn sbss();\n fn ebss();\n }\n let lbss = sbss as usize;\n let rbss = ebss as usize;\n\n let heap_value = Box::new(5);\n assert!(*heap_value == 5);\n println!(\"heap_value assertion successfully!\");\n println!(\"heap_value is at {:p}\", heap_value);\n let heap_value_addr = &*heap_value as *const _ as usize;\n assert!(heap_value_addr >= lbss && heap_value_addr = lbss && vec_addr \nmake run 看一下结果:\n\n[success] 动态内存分配测试\nheap_value assertion successfully!\nheap_value is at 0x80a10000\nheap_value is in section .bss!\nvec assertion successfully!\nvec is at 0x80211000\nvec is in section .bss!\n\n\n我们可以发现这些动态分配的变量可以使用了。而且通过查看它们的地址我们发现它们都在 .bss\\text{.bss}.bss 段里面。这是因为提供给动态内存分配器的那块内存就在 .bss\\text{.bss}.bss 段里面啊。\n如果结果不太对劲,可以在这里查看现有的代码。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter4/part3.html":{"url":"chapter4/part3.html","title":"总结与展望","keywords":"","body":"总结与展望\n本章我们介绍了物理内存管理:即物理页帧分配、回收;以及内核内部的动态内存分配,在 .bss\\text{.bss}.bss 端上一段预留的内存上进行。后面各章都会使用到这两个工具。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter5/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter5/introduction.html","title":"第五章:内存虚拟化","keywords":"","body":"第五章:内存虚拟化\n本章你将会学到:\n\n虚拟内存和物理内存的概念\n如何使用页表完成虚拟地址到物理地址的映射\n解释内核初始映射,进行内核重映射\n\n代码可以在这里找到。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter5/part1.html":{"url":"chapter5/part1.html","title":"页表:从虚拟内存到物理内存","keywords":"","body":"页表:从虚拟内存到物理内存\n回顾第二章,我们曾提到使用了一种“魔法”之后,内核就可以像一个普通的程序一样运行了,它按照我们设定的内存布局决定代码和数据存放的位置,跳转到入口点开始运行...当然,别忘了,在 646464 位寻址空间下,你需要一块 大小为2642^{64}2​64​​ 字节即 224TiB2^{24}\\text{TiB}2​24​​TiB的内存!\n现实中一块这么大的内存当然不存在,因此我们称它为虚拟内存。我们知道,实际上内核的代码和数据都存放在物理内存上,而 CPU 只能通过物理地址来访问它。\n因此,当我们在程序中通过虚拟地址假想着自己在访问一块虚拟内存的时候,需要有一种机制,将虚拟地址转化为物理地址,交给 CPU 来根据它到物理内存上进行实打实的访问。而这种将虚拟地址转化为物理地址的机制,在 riscv64 中是通过页表来实现的。\n\n[info]地址的简单解释\n物理地址:物理地址就是内存单元的绝对地址,比如一个 128MB 的 DRAM 内存条插在计算机上,物理地址 0x0000 就表示内存条的第 1 个存储单元,0x0010 就表示内存条的第 17 个存储单元,不管 CPU 内部怎么处理内存地址,最终访问的都是内存单元的物理地址。\n虚拟地址:虚拟地址是操作系统给运行在用户态的应用程序看到的假地址,每一个虚拟地址,如果有一个对应的物理地址,那么就是一个合法的虚拟地址,应用程序实际访问的是其对应的物理地址;否则就是一个非法的虚拟地址。一旦应用程序访问非法的虚拟地址,CPU 当然就会产生异常了。一旦出现这样的异常,操作系统就会及时进行处理,甚至是杀死掉这个应用程序。虚拟地址与物理地址的对应关系,一般是通过页表来实现。\n\n虚拟地址和物理地址\n\n在本教程中,我们选用 Sv39 作为页表的实现。\n在 Sv39 中,定义物理地址(Physical Address)有 565656 位,而虚拟地址(Virtual Address) 有 646464 位。虽然虚拟地址有 646464 位,只有低 393939 位有效。不过这不是说高 252525 位可以随意取值,规定 63−3963-3963−39 位的值必须等于第 383838 位的值,否则会认为该虚拟地址不合法,在访问时会产生异常。\nSv39 同样是基于页的,在物理内存那一节曾经提到物理页帧(Frame) 与物理页号(PPN, Physical Page Number) 。在这里物理页号为 444444 位,每个物理页帧大小 212=40962^{12}=40962​12​​=4096 字节,即 4KiB4\\text{KiB}4KiB。同理,我们对于虚拟内存定义虚拟页(Page) 以及虚拟页号(VPN, Virtual Page Number) 。在这里虚拟页号为 272727 位,每个虚拟页大小也为 212=40962^{12}=40962​12​​=4096 字节。物理地址和虚拟地址的最后 121212 位都表示页内偏移,即表示该地址在所在物理页帧(虚拟页)上的什么位置。\n虚拟地址到物理地址的映射以页为单位,也就是说把虚拟地址所在的虚拟页映射到一个物理页帧,然后再在这个物理页帧上根据页内偏移找到物理地址,从而完成映射。我们要实现虚拟页到物理页帧的映射,由于虚拟页与虚拟页号一一对应,物理页帧与物理页号一一对应,本质上我们要实现虚拟页号到物理页号的映射,而这就是页表所做的事情。\n页表项\n\n一个页表项 (PTE, Page Table Entry)是用来描述一个虚拟页号如何映射到物理页号的。如果一个虚拟页号通过某种手段找到了一个页表项,并通过读取上面的物理页号完成映射,我们称这个虚拟页号通过该页表项完成映射。\n我们可以看到 Sv39 里面的一个页表项大小为 646464 位 888 字节。其中第 53−1053-1053−10 共 444444 位为一个物理页号,表示这个虚拟页号映射到的物理页号。后面的第 9−09-09−0 位则描述映射的状态信息。\n\nV\\text{V}V 表示这个页表项是否合法。如果为 000 表示不合法,此时页表项其他位的值都会被忽略。\n\nR,W,X\\text{R,W,X}R,W,X 为许可位,分别表示是否可读 (Readable),可写 (Writable),可执行 (Executable)。\n以 W\\text{W}W 这一位为例,如果 W=0\\text{W}=0W=0 表示不可写,那么如果一条 store 的指令,它通过这个页表项完成了虚拟页号到物理页号的映射,找到了物理地址。但是仍然会报出异常,是因为这个页表项规定如果物理地址是通过它映射得到的,那么不准写入!R,X\\text{R,X}R,X 也是同样的道理。\n根据 R,W,X\\text{R,W,X}R,W,X 取值的不同,我们可以分成下面几种类型:\n\n如果 R,W,X\\text{R,W,X}R,W,X 均为 000 ,文档上说这表示这个页表项指向下一级页表,我们先暂时记住就好。\n\nU\\text{U}U 为 111 表示用户态 (U Mode) 可以通过该页表项进行映射。事实上用户态也只能够通过 U=1\\text{U}=1U=1 的页表项进行虚实地址映射。\n然而,我们所处在的 S Mode 也并不是理所当然的可以通过这些 U=1\\text{U}=1U=1 的页表项进行映射。我们需要将 S Mode 的状态寄存器 sstatus 上的 SUM\\text{SUM}SUM 位手动设置为 111 才可以做到这一点。否则通过 U=1\\text{U}=1U=1 的页表项进行映射也会报出异常。\n\nA\\text{A}A,即 Accessed,如果 A=1\\text{A}=1A=1 表示自从上次 A\\text{A}A 被清零后,有虚拟地址通过这个页表项进行读、或者写、或者取指。\nD\\text{D}D ,即 Dirty ,如果 D=1\\text{D}=1D=1 表示自从上次 D\\text{D}D 被清零后,有虚拟地址通过这个页表项进行写入。\n\nRSW\\text{RSW}RSW 两位留给 S Mode 的应用程序,我们可以用来进行拓展。\n\n\n多级页表\n一个虚拟页号要通过某种手段找到页表项...那么要怎么才能找到呢?\n想一种最为简单粗暴的方法,在物理内存中开一个大数组作为页表,把所有虚拟页号对应的页表项都存下来。在找的时候根据虚拟页号来索引页表项。即,加上大数组开头的物理地址为 aaa ,虚拟页号为 VPN\\text{VPN}VPN ,则该虚拟页号对应的页表项的物理地址为 a+VPN×8a+\\text{VPN}\\times 8a+VPN×8 (我们知道每个页表项 888 字节)。\n但是这样会花掉我们 227×8=2302^{27}\\times 8=2^{30}2​27​​×8=2​30​​ 字节即 1GiB1\\text{GiB}1GiB 的内存!不说我们目前只有可怜的 128MiB128\\text{MiB}128MiB 内存,即使我们有足够的内存也不应该这样去浪费。这是由于有很多虚拟地址我们根本没有用到,因此他们对应的虚拟页号不需要映射,我们开了很多无用的内存。\n事实上,在 Sv39 中我们采用三级页表,即将 272727 位的虚拟页号分为三个等长的部分,第 26−1826-1826−18 位为三级索引 VPN[2]\\text{VPN}[2]VPN[2],第 17−917-917−9 位为二级索引 VPN[1]\\text{VPN}[1]VPN[1],第 8−08-08−0 位为一级索引 VPN[0]\\text{VPN}[0]VPN[0]。\n我们也将页表分为三级页表,二级页表,一级页表。每个页表都是 999 位索引的,因此有 29=5122^{9}=5122​9​​=512 个页表项,而每个页表项都是 888 字节,因此每个页表大小都为 512×8=4KiB512\\times 8=4\\text{KiB}512×8=4KiB。正好是一个物理页帧的大小。我们可以把一个页表放到一个物理页帧中,并用一个物理页号来描述它。事实上,三级页表的每个页表项中的物理页号描述一个二级页表;二级页表的每个页表项中的物理页号描述一个一级页表;一级页表中的页表项则和我们刚才提到的页表项一样,物理页号描述一个要映射到的物理页帧。\n具体来说,假设我们有虚拟页号 (VPN[2],VPN[1],VPN[0])(\\text{VPN}[2],\\text{VPN}[1],\\text{VPN}[0])(VPN[2],VPN[1],VPN[0]) ,设三级页表的物理页号为 PPN3\\text{PPN}_3PPN​3​​ ,那么将其映射到物理页号的流程如下:\n\n索引控制虚拟页号范围在 (VPN[2],Any,Any)(\\text{VPN}[2],\\text{Any},\\text{Any})(VPN[2],Any,Any) 的三级页表项,其地址为 PPN3×212+VPN[2]×8\\text{PPN}_3 \\times 2^{12}+ \\text{VPN}[2] \\times 8PPN​3​​×2​12​​+VPN[2]×8 。从这个页表项里读出二级页表的物理页号 PPN2\\text{PPN}_2PPN​2​​ 。\n索引控制虚拟页号范围在 (VPN[2],VPN[1],Any)(\\text{VPN}[2],\\text{VPN}[1],\\text{Any})(VPN[2],VPN[1],Any) 的二级页表项,其地址为 PPN2×212+VPN[1]×8\\text{PPN}_2\\times 2^{12}+\\text{VPN}[1]\\times 8PPN​2​​×2​12​​+VPN[1]×8 。从这个页表项里读出一级页表的物理页号 PPN1\\text{PPN}_1PPN​1​​ 。\n索引控制虚拟页号范围在 (VPN[2],VPN[1],VPN[0])(\\text{VPN}[2],\\text{VPN}[1],\\text{VPN}[0])(VPN[2],VPN[1],VPN[0]) 的一级页表项,其地址为 PPN1×212+VPN[0]×8\\text{PPN}_1\\times 2^{12}+\\text{VPN}[0]\\times 8PPN​1​​×2​12​​+VPN[0]×8。可以看出一级页表项只控制一个虚拟页号,因此从这个页表项中读出来的物理页号,就是虚拟页号 (VPN[2],VPN[1],VPN[0])(\\text{VPN}[2],\\text{VPN}[1],\\text{VPN}[0])(VPN[2],VPN[1],VPN[0]) 所要映射到的物理页号。\n\n上述流程如下图所示。\n\n我们通过这种复杂的手段,终于从虚拟页号找到了一级页表项,从而得出了物理页号。刚才我们提到若页表项满足 R,W,X=0\\text{R,W,X}=0R,W,X=0 ,表明这个页表项指向下一级页表。在这里三级和二级页表项的 R,W,X=0\\text{R,W,X}=0R,W,X=0 应该成立,因为它们指向了下一级页表。\n然而三级和二级页表项不一定要指向下一级页表。我们知道每个一级页表项控制一个虚拟页号,即控制 4KiB4\\text{KiB}4KiB 虚拟内存;每个二级页表项则控制 999 位虚拟页号,总计控制 4KiB×29=2MiB4\\text{KiB}\\times 2^9=2\\text{MiB}4KiB×2​9​​=2MiB 虚拟内存;每个三级页表项控制 181818 位虚拟页号,总计控制 2MiB×29=1GiB2\\text{MiB}\\times 2^9=1\\text{GiB}2MiB×2​9​​=1GiB 虚拟内存。我们可以将二级页表项的 R,W,X\\text{R,W,X}R,W,X 设置为不是全 000 的许可要求,那么它将与一级页表项类似,只不过可以映射一个 2MiB2\\text{MiB}2MiB 的大页 (Huge Page) 。同理,也可以将三级页表项看作一个叶子,来映射一个 1GiB1\\text{GiB}1GiB 的超大页。\n如果不考虑大页的情况,对于每个要映射的虚拟页号,我们最多只需要分配三级页表,二级页表,一级页表三个物理页帧来完成映射,可以做到需要多少就花费多少。\n页表基址\n页表的基址(起始地址)一般会保存在一个特殊的寄存器中。在 RISC-V 中,这个特殊的寄存器就是页表寄存器 satp。\n\n我们使用寄存器 satp 来控制 CPU 进行页表映射。\n\nMODE\\text{MODE}MODE 控制 CPU 使用哪种页表实现,我们只需将 MODE\\text{MODE}MODE 设置为 888 即表示 CPU 使用 Sv39 。\nASID\\text{ASID}ASID 我们先不用管。\nPPN\\text{PPN}PPN 存的是三级页表所在的物理页号。这样,给定一个虚拟页号,CPU 就可以从三级页表开始一步步的将其映射到一个物理页号。\n\n于是,OS 可以在内存中为不同的应用分别建立不同虚实映射的页表,并通过修改寄存器 satp 的值指向不同的页表,从而可以修改 CPU 虚实地址映射关系及内存保护的行为。然而,仅仅这样做是不够的。\n快表(TLB)\n我们知道,物理内存的访问速度要比 CPU 的运行速度慢很多。如果我们按照页表机制循规蹈矩的一步步走,将一个虚拟地址转化为物理地址需要访问 333 次物理内存,然后得到物理地址还需要再访问一次物理内存,才能完成访存。这无疑很大程度上降低了效率。\n事实上,实践表明虚拟地址的访问具有时间局部性和空间局部性。\n\n时间局部性是指,被访问过一次的地址很有可能不远的将来再次被访问;\n空间局部性是指,如果一个地址被访问,则这个地址附近的地址很有可能在不远的将来被访问。\n\n因此,在 CPU 内部,我们使用快表 (TLB, Translation Lookaside Buffer) 来记录近期已完成的虚拟页号到物理页号的映射。不懂 CPU 的内部构造?那先回头学习一下计算机组成原理这门课吧。由于局部性,当我们要做一个映射时,会有很大可能这个映射在近期被完成过,所以我们可以先到 TLB 里面去查一下,如果有的话我们就可以直接完成映射,而不用访问那么多次内存了。\n但是,我们如果修改了 satp 寄存器,比如将上面的 PPN\\text{PPN}PPN 字段进行了修改,说明我们切换到了一个与先前映射方式完全不同的页表。此时快表里面存储的映射结果就跟不上时代了,很可能是错误的。这种情况下我们要使用 sfence.vma 指令刷新整个 TLB 。\n同样,我们手动修改一个页表项之后,也修改了映射,但 TLB 并不会自动刷新,我们也需要使用 sfence.vma 指令刷新 TLB 。如果不加参数的, sfence.vma 会刷新整个 TLB 。你可以在后面加上一个虚拟地址,这样 sfence.vma 只会刷新这个虚拟地址的映射。\n小结\n这一节我们终于大概讲清楚了页表的前因后果,现在是时候应用这一套理论说明之前的所谓“魔法”到底是怎么一回事了!\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter5/part2.html":{"url":"chapter5/part2.html","title":"内核初始映射","keywords":"","body":"“魔法”——内核初始映射\n\n代码\n\n让我们回顾一下在相当于 bootloader 的 OpenSBI 结束后,我们要面对的是怎样一种局面:\n\n物理内存状态:OpenSBI 代码放在 [0x80000000,0x80200000) 中,内核代码放在以 0x80200000 开头的一块连续物理内存中。\nCPU 状态:处于 S Mode ,寄存器 satp 的 MODE\\text{MODE}MODE 被设置为 Bare ,即无论取指还是访存我们通过物理地址直接访问物理内存。 PC=0x80200000\\text{PC}=0\\text{x}80200000PC=0x80200000 指向内核的第一条指令。栈顶地址 SP\\text{SP}SP 处在 OpenSBI 代码内。\n内核代码:使用虚拟地址,代码和数据段均放在以虚拟地址 0xffffffffc0200000开头的一段连续虚拟内存中。\n我们所要做的事情:将 SP\\text{SP}SP 寄存器指向的栈空间从 OpenSBI 某处移到我们的内核定义的某块内存区域中,使得我们可以完全支配启动栈;同时需要跳转到函数 rust_main 中。\n\n我们已经在 src/boot/entry64.asm 中自己分配了一块 16KiB16\\text{KiB}16KiB 的内存用来做启动栈:\n# src/boot/entry64.asm\n\n .section .bss.stack\n .align 12\n .global bootstack\nbootstack:\n .space 4096 * 4\n .global bootstacktop\nbootstacktop:\n\n符号 bootstacktop 就是我们需要的栈顶地址!同样符号 rust_main 也代表了我们要跳转到的地址。直接将 bootstacktop 的值给到 SP\\text{SP}SP, 再跳转到 rust_main 就行了吗?\n问题在于,编译器和链接器认为程序在虚拟内存空间中运行,因此这两个符号都会被翻译成虚拟地址。而我们的 CPU 目前处于 Bare 模式,会将地址都当成物理地址处理。这样,我们跳转到 rust_main 就会跳转到 0xffffffffc0200000+ 的一个物理地址,物理地址都没有这么多位!这显然是会出问题的。\n观察可以发现,同样的一条指令,其在虚拟内存空间中的虚拟地址与其在物理内存中的物理地址有着一个固定的偏移量。比如内核的第一条指令,虚拟地址为 0xffffffffc0200000 ,物理地址为 0x80200000 ,因此,我们只要将虚拟地址减去 0xffffffff40000000 ,就得到了物理地址。\n使用上一节页表的知识,我们只需要做到当访问内核里面的一个虚拟地址 va\\text{va}va 时,我们知道 va\\text{va}va 处的代码或数据放在物理地址为 pa = va - 0xffffffff40000000 处的物理内存中,我们真正所要做的是要让 CPU 去访问 pa\\text{pa} pa。因此,我们要通过恰当构造页表,来对于内核所属的虚拟地址,实现这种 va→pa\\text{va}\\rightarrow\\text{pa}va→pa 的映射。\n我们先使用一种最简单的页表构造方法,还记得上一节中所讲的大页吗?那时我们提到,将一个三级页表项的标志位 R,W,X\\text{R,W,X}R,W,X 不设为全 000 ,可以将它变为一个叶子,从而获得大小为 1GiB1\\text{GiB}1GiB 的一个大页。\n我们假定内核大小不超过 1GiB1\\text{GiB}1GiB,因此通过一个大页,将虚拟地址区间 [0xffffffffc0000000,0xffffffffffffffff] 映射到物理地址区间 [0x80000000,0xc0000000),而我们只需要分配一页内存用来存放三级页表,并将其最后一个页表项(这个虚拟地址区间明显对应三级页表的最后一个页表项),进行适当设置即可。\n因此,实现的汇编代码为:\n# src/boot/entry64.asm\n\n .section .text.entry\n .globl _start\n_start:\n # t0 := 三级页表的虚拟地址\n lui t0, %hi(boot_page_table_sv39)\n # t1 := 0xffffffff40000000 即虚实映射偏移量\n li t1, 0xffffffffc0000000 - 0x80000000\n # t0 减去虚实映射偏移量 0xffffffff40000000,变为三级页表的物理地址\n sub t0, t0, t1\n # t0 >>= 12,变为三级页表的物理页号\n srli t0, t0, 12\n\n # t1 := 8 \n总结一下,要进入虚拟内存访问方式,需要如下步骤:\n\n分配页表所在内存空间并初始化页表;\n设置好页基址寄存器(指向页表起始地址);\n刷新 TLB。\n\n到现在为止我们终于理解了自己是如何做起白日梦——进入那看似虚无缥缈的虚拟内存空间的。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter5/part3.html":{"url":"chapter5/part3.html","title":"内核重映射","keywords":"","body":"内核重映射\n上一节中,我们虽然构造了一个简单映射使得内核能够运行在虚拟空间上,但是这个映射是比较粗糙的。\n我们知道一个程序通常含有下面几段:\n\n.text\\text{.text}.text 段:存放代码,需要是可读、可执行的,但不可写。\n.rodata\\text{.rodata}.rodata 段:存放只读数据,顾名思义,需要可读,但不可写亦不可执行。\n.data\\text{.data}.data 段:存放经过初始化的数据,需要可读、可写。\n.bss\\text{.bss}.bss 段:存放经过零初始化的数据,需要可读、可写。与 .data\\text{.data}.data 段的区别在于由于我们知道它被零初始化,因此在可执行文件中可以只存放该段的开头地址和大小而不用存全为 000 的数据。在执行时由操作系统进行处理。\n\n我们看到各个段之间的访问权限是不同的。在现在的映射下,我们甚至可以修改内核 .text\\text{.text}.text 段的代码!因为我们通过一个标志位 W=1\\text{W}=1W=1 的页表项完成映射。而这会带来一个埋藏极深的隐患。\n因此,我们考虑对这些段分别进行重映射,使得他们的访问权限被正确设置。虽然还是每个段都还是映射以同样的偏移量映射到相同的地方,但实现需要更加精细。\n新建页表并插入映射\n我们决定放弃现有的页表建一个新的页表,在那里完成重映射。一个空的页表唯一需求的是一个三级页表作为根,我们要为这个三级页表申请一个物理页帧,并把三级页表放在那里。我们正好实现了物理页帧的分配 alloc_frame() !\n一个空空如也的页表还不够。我们现在要插入映射 VPN→PPN\\text{VPN}\\rightarrow\\text{PPN}VPN→PPN ,这次我们真的要以一页 (4KiB4\\text{KiB}4KiB) 为单位而不是以一大页 (1GiB1\\text{GiB}1GiB) 为单位构造映射了。那就走流程,一级一级来。首先我们在这个三级页表中根据 VPN[2]\\text{VPN}[2]VPN[2] 索引三级页表项,发现其 V=0\\text{V}=0V=0 ,说明它指向一个空页表,然后理所当然是新建一个二级页表,申请一个物理页帧放置它,然后修改三级页表项的物理页号字段为这个二级页表所在的物理页号,然后进入这个二级页表进入下一级处理...\n等等!我们好像忽略了什么东西。我们对着三级页表又读又写,然而自始至终我们只知道它所在的物理页号即物理地址!\n如何读写一个页表\n在我们的程序中,能够直接访问的只有虚拟地址。如果想要访问物理地址的话,我们需要有一个虚拟地址映射到该物理地址,然后我们才能通过访问这个虚拟地址来访问物理地址。那么我们现在做到这一点了吗?\n幸运的是我们确实做到了。我们通过一个大页映射了 1GiB1\\text{GiB}1GiB 的内存,包括了所有可用的物理地址。因此,我们如果想访问一个物理地址的话,我们知道这个物理地址加上偏移量得到的虚拟地址已经被映射到这个物理地址了,因此可以使用这个虚拟地址访问该物理地址。\n为了让我们能够一直如此幸运,我们得让新的映射也具有这种访问物理内存的能力。在这里,我们使用一种最简单的方法,即映射整块物理内存。即选择一段虚拟内存区间与整块物理内存进行映射。这样整块物理内存都可以用这段区间内的虚拟地址来访问了。\n我们使用一种较为精确的方法,即:\n整块物理内存指的是“物理内存探测与管理”一节中所提到的我们能够自由分配的那些物理内存。我们用和内核各段同样的偏移量来进行映射。但这和内核各段相比,出发点是不同的:\n\n内核各段:为了实现在程序中使用虚拟地址访问虚拟内存的效果而构造映射;\n物理内存映射:为了通过物理地址访问物理内存,但是绕不开页表映射机制,因此只能通过构造映射使用虚拟地址来访问物理内存。\n\n不过从结果上来看,它和内核中的各段没有什么区别,甚至和 .data\\text{.data}.data 段相同,都是将许可要求设置为可读、可写即可。\n\n[danger] 内存消耗问题\n在一个新页表中,新建一个映射我们要分配三级页表、二级页表、一级页表各一个物理页帧。而现在我们基本上要给整个物理内存建立映射,且不使用大页,也就是说物理内存中每有一个 4KiB4\\text{KiB}4KiB 的页,我们都要建立一个映射,要分配三个物理页帧。那岂不是我们还没把整个物理内存都建立映射,所有物理页帧就都耗尽了?\n事实上这个问题是不存在的。关键点在于,我们要映射的是一段连续的虚拟内存区间,因此,每连续建立 512512512 页的映射才会新建一个一级页表,每连续建立 5122512^2512​2​​ 页的映射才会新建一个二级页表,而三级页表最多只新建一个。因此这样进行映射花费的总物理页帧数约占物理内存中物理页帧总数的约 1512≃0.2%\\frac{1}{512}\\simeq 0.2\\%​512​​1​​≃0.2% 。\n\n这样想来,无论切换页表前后,我们都可以使用一个固定的偏移量来通过虚拟地址访问物理内存,此问题得到了解决。\n现在我们明白了为何要进行内核重映射,并讨论了一些细节。我们将在下一节进行具体实现。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter5/part4.html":{"url":"chapter5/part4.html","title":"内核重映射实现之一:页表","keywords":"","body":"内核重映射实现之一:页表\n\n代码\n\n首先我们来看如何实现页表。\n访问物理内存\n简单起见,无论是初始映射还是重映射,无论是内核各段还是物理内存,我们都采用同样的偏移量进行映射,具体而言:va -> pa = va - 0xffffffff40000000 。\n于是我们可以通过在内核中访问对应的虚拟内存来访问物理内存。相关常量定义在consts.rs中。\n// src/consts.rs\n\npub const PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET: usize = 0xffffffff40000000;\n\n// src/memory/mod.rs\n\n// 将物理地址转化为对应的虚拟地址\npub fn access_pa_via_va(pa: usize) -> usize {\n pa + PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET\n}\n\n在 riscv crate 和内核实现中,需要为页表机制提供了如下支持:\n\n基于偏移量(也即线性映射)的 Sv39 三级页表 Rv39PageTable 和页表映射操作PageTableImpl\n页表项 PageTableEntry和页项 PageEntry\n页表项数组 PageTable \n页表项中的标志位 PageTableFlags\n\n页表项和页项\n首先来看一下页表项:\n// riscv: src/paging/page_table.rs\npub struct PageTableEntry(usize);\nimpl PageTableEntry {\n pub fn is_unused(&self) -> bool { self.0 == 0 }\n pub fn set_unused(&mut self) { self.0 = 0; }\n ......\n}\n\n再来看一下页项:\n// src/paging.rs\n......\npub struct PageEntry(&'static mut PageTableEntry, Page);\n\nimpl PageEntry {\n pub fn update(&mut self) {\n unsafe { sfence_vma(0, self.1.start_address().as_usize()); }\n }\n // 一系列的标志位读写\n pub fn accessed(&self) -> bool { self.0.flags().contains(EF::ACCESSED) }\n pub fn clear_accessed(&mut self) { self.0.flags_mut().remove(EF::ACCESSED); }\n ......\n}\n\n我们基于提供的类 PageTableEntry 自己封装了一个 PageEntry ,表示单个映射。里面分别保存了一个页表项 PageTableEntry 的可变引用,以及找到了这个页表项的虚拟页。但事实上,除了 update 函数之外,剩下的函数都是对 PageTableEntry 的简单包装,功能是读写页表项的目标物理页号以及标志位。\n我们之前提到过,在修改页表之后我们需要通过屏障指令 sfence.vma 来刷新 TLB 。而这条指令后面可以接一个虚拟地址,这样在刷新的时候只关心与这个虚拟地址相关的部分,可能速度比起全部刷新要快一点。(实际上我们确实用了这种较快的刷新 TLB 方式,但并不是在这里使用,因此 update 根本没被调用过,这个类有些冗余了)\n为 Rv39PageTable 提供物理页帧管理\n在实现页表之前,我们回忆多级页表的修改会隐式的调用物理页帧分配与回收。比如在 Sv39 中,插入一对映射就可能新建一个二级页表和一个一级页表,而这需要分配两个物理页帧。因此,我们需要告诉 Rv39PageTable 如何进行物理页帧分配与回收。\n// src/memory/paging.rs\n\n// 事实上,我们需要一个实现了 FrameAllocator, FrameDeallocator trait的类\n// 并为此分别实现 alloc, dealloc 函数\nstruct FrameAllocatorForPaging;\n\nimpl FrameAllocator for FrameAllocatorForPaging {\n fn alloc(&mut self) -> Option {\n alloc_frame()\n }\n}\n\nimpl FrameDeallocator for FrameAllocatorForPaging {\n fn dealloc(&mut self, frame: Frame) {\n dealloc_frame(frame)\n }\n}\n\n实现我们自己的页表 映射操作 PageTableImpl\n于是我们可以利用 Rv39PageTable的实现我们自己的页表映射操作 PageTableImpl 。首先是声明及初始化:\n// src/memory/paging.rs\n\npub struct PageTableImpl {\n page_table: Rv39PageTable,\n // 作为根的三级页表所在的物理页帧\n root_frame: Frame,\n // 在操作过程中临时使用\n entry: Option,\n}\n\nimpl PageTableImpl {\n // 新建一个空页表\n pub fn new_bare() -> Self {\n // 分配一个物理页帧并获取物理地址,作为根的三级页表就放在这个物理页帧中\n let frame = alloc_frame().expect(\"alloc_frame failed!\");\n let paddr = frame.start_address().as_usize();\n // 利用 access_pa_via_va 访问该物理页帧并进行页表初始化\n let table = unsafe { &mut *(access_pa_via_va(paddr) as *mut PageTableEntryArray) };\n table.zero();\n\n PageTableImpl {\n // 传入参数:三级页表的可变引用;\n // 因为 Rv39PageTable 的思路也是将整块物理内存进行线性映射\n // 所以我们传入物理内存的偏移量,即 va-pa,使它可以修改页表\n page_table: Rv39PageTable::new(table, PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET),\n // 三级页表所在物理页帧\n root_frame: frame,\n entry: None\n }\n }\n}\n\n然后是页表最重要的插入、删除映射的功能:\nimpl PageTableImpl {\n ...\n pub fn map(&mut self, va: usize, pa: usize) -> &mut PageEntry {\n // 为一对虚拟页与物理页帧建立映射\n\n // 这里的标志位被固定为 R|W|X,即同时允许读/写/执行\n // 后面我们会根据段的权限不同进行修改\n let flags = EF::VALID | EF::READABLE | EF::WRITABLE;\n let page = Page::of_addr(VirtAddr::new(va));\n let frame = Frame::of_addr(PhysAddr::new(pa));\n self.page_table\n // 利用 Rv39PageTable 的 map_to 接口\n // 传入要建立映射的虚拟页、物理页帧、映射标志位、以及提供物理页帧管理\n .map_to(page, frame, flags, &mut FrameAllocatorForPaging)\n .unwrap()\n // 得到 MapperFlush(Page)\n // flush 做的事情就是跟上面一样的 sfence_vma\n // 即刷新与这个虚拟页相关的 TLB\n // 所以我们修改后要按时刷新 TLB\n .flush();\n self.get_entry(va).expect(\"fail to get an entry!\")\n }\n pub fn unmap(&mut self, va: usize) {\n // 删除一对映射\n // 我们只需输入虚拟页,因为已经可以找到页表项了\n let page = Page::of_addr(VirtAddr::new(va));\n // 利用 Rv39PageTable 的 unmap 接口\n // * 注意这里没有用到物理页帧管理,所以 Rv39PageTable 并不会回收内存?\n let (_, flush) = self.page_table.unmap(page).unwrap();\n // 同样注意按时刷新 TLB\n flush.flush();\n }\n fn get_entry(&mut self, va: usize) -> Option {\n // 获取虚拟页对应的页表项,以被我们封装起来的 PageEntry 的可变引用的形式\n // 于是,我们拿到了页表项,可以进行修改了!\n let page = Page::of_addr(VirtAddr::new(va));\n // 调用 Rv39PageTable 的 ref_entry 接口\n if let Ok(e) = self.page_table.ref_entry(page.clone()) {\n let e = unsafe { &mut *(e as *mut PageTableEntry) };\n // 把返回的 PageTableEntry 封装起来\n self.entry = Some(PageEntry(e, page));\n Some(self.entry.as_mut().unwrap())\n }\n else {\n None\n }\n }\n}\n\n上面我们创建页表,并可以插入、删除映射了。但是它依然一动不动的放在内存中,如何将它用起来呢?我们可以通过修改 satp 寄存器的物理页号字段来设置作为根的三级页表所在的物理页帧,也就完成了页表的切换。\nimpl PageTableImpl {\n ...\n // 我们用 token 也就是 satp 的值来描述一个页表\n // 返回自身的 token\n pub fn token(&self) -> usize { self.root_frame.number() | (8 usize { satp::read().bits() }\n\n // 修改 satp 值切换页表后,过时的不止一个虚拟页\n // 因此必须使用 sfence_vma_all 刷新整个 TLB\n fn flush_tlb() { unsafe { sfence_vma_all(); } }\n\n // 将 CPU 所用的页表切换为当前的实例\n pub unsafe fn activate(&self) {\n let old_token = Self::active_token();\n let new_token = self.token();\n println!(\"switch satp from {:#x} to {:#x}\", old_token, new_token);\n if new_token != old_token {\n Self::set_token(new_token);\n // 别忘了刷新 TLB!\n Self::flush_tlb();\n }\n }\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter5/part5.html":{"url":"chapter5/part5.html","title":"内核重映射实现之二:MemorySet","keywords":"","body":"内核重映射实现之二:MemorySet\n\n代码\n\n我们实现了页表,但是好像还不足以应对内核重映射的需求。我们要对多个段分别进行不同的映射,而页表只允许我们每次插入一对从虚拟页到物理页帧的映射。\n总体抽象\n为此,我们另设计几种数据结构来抽象这个过程:\n\n在虚拟内存中,每个 MemoryArea 描述一个段,每个段单独映射到物理内存;MemorySet 中则存储所有的 MemoryArea 段,相比巨大的虚拟内存空间,由于它含有的各个段都已经映射到物理内存,它可表示一个程序独自拥有的实际可用的虚拟内存空间。PageTable 相当于一个底层接口,仅是管理映射,事实上它管理了 MemorySet 中所有 MemoryArea 的所有映射。\nMemoryArea\n我们刻意将不同的段分为不同的 MemoryArea ,说明它们映射到物理内存的方式一定是不同的:\n\n我们则使用 MemoryHandler 来描述映射行为的不同。不同的类型的 MemoryArea,会使用不同的 MemoryHandler ,而他们会用不同的方式调用 PageTable 提供的底层接口进行映射,因此导致了最终映射行为的不同。\n下面我们看一下这些类是如何实现的。\nMemoryAttr\n首先是用来修改 PageEntry (我们的页表映射默认将权限设为 R|W|X ,需要修改) 的类 MemoryAttr:\n// src/memory/memory_set/attr.rs\n......\npub struct MemoryAttr {\n user : bool, // 用户态是否可访问\n readonly : bool, // 是否只读\n execute : bool, // 是否可执行\n}\n\nimpl MemoryAttr {\n // 默认 用户态不可访问;可写;不可执行;\n pub fn new() -> Self{\n MemoryAttr {\n user : false,\n readonly : false,\n execute : false,\n }\n }\n // 根据要求修改所需权限\n pub fn set_user(mut self) -> Self {\n self.user = true; self\n }\n pub fn set_readonly(mut self) -> Self {\n self.readonly = true; self\n }\n pub fn set_execute(mut self) -> Self {\n self.execute = true; self\n }\n // 根据设置的权限要求修改页表项\n pub fn apply(&self, entry : &mut PageEntry) {\n entry.set_present(true); // 设置页表项存在\n entry.set_user(self.user); // 设置用户态访问权限\n entry.set_writable(!self.readonly); //设置写权限\n entry.set_execute(self.execute); //设置可执行权限\n }\n}\n\nMemoryHandler\n然后是会以不同方式调用 PageTable 接口的 MemoryHandler:\n// src/memory/memory_set/handler.rs\n......\n// 定义 MemoryHandler trait\npub trait MemoryHandler: Debug + 'static {\n fn box_clone(&self) -> Box;\n // 需要实现 map, unmap 两函数,不同的接口实现者会有不同的行为\n // 注意 map 并没有 pa 作为参数,因此接口实现者要给出该虚拟页要映射到哪个物理页\n fn map(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, va: usize, attr: &MemoryAttr);\n fn unmap(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, va: usize);\n}\n......\n// 下面给出两种实现 Linear, ByFrame\n// 线性映射 Linear: 也就是我们一直在用的带一个偏移量的形式\n// 有了偏移量,我们就知道虚拟页要映射到哪个物理页了\npub struct Linear { offset: usize }\nimpl Linear {\n pub fn new(off: usize) -> Self { Linear { offset: off, } }\n}\nimpl MemoryHandler for Linear {\n fn box_clone(&self) -> Box { Box::new(self.clone()) }\n fn map(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, va: usize, attr: &MemoryAttr) {\n // 映射到 pa = va - self.offset\n // 同时还使用 attr.apply 修改了原先默认为 R|W|X 的权限\n attr.apply(pt.map(va, va - self.offset));\n }\n fn unmap(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, va: usize) { pt.unmap(va); }\n}\n// ByFrame: 不知道映射到哪个物理页帧\n// 那我们就分配一个新的物理页帧,可以保证不会产生冲突\npub struct ByFrame;\nimpl ByFrame {\n pub fn new() -> Self { ByFrame {} }\n}\nimpl MemoryHandler for ByFrame {\n fn box_clone(&self) -> Box {\n Box::new(self.clone())\n }\n fn map(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, va: usize, attr: &MemoryAttr) {\n // 分配一个物理页帧作为映射目标\n let frame = alloc_frame().expect(\"alloc_frame failed!\");\n let pa = frame.start_address().as_usize();\n attr.apply(pt.map(va, pa));\n }\n fn unmap(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, va: usize) {\n pt.unmap(va);\n }\n}\n\n接着,是描述一个段的 MemoryArea。\n// src/memory/memory_set/area.rs\n\n// 声明中给出所在的虚拟地址区间: [start, end)\n// 使用的 MemoryHandler: handler\n// 页表项的权限: attr\npub struct MemoryArea {\n start : usize,\n end : usize,\n handler : Box,\n attr : MemoryAttr,\n}\n\nimpl MemoryArea {\n // 同样是插入、删除映射\n // 遍历虚拟地址区间包含的所有虚拟页,依次利用 handler 完成映射插入/删除\n pub fn map(&self, pt : &mut PageTableImpl) {\n // 使用自己定义的迭代器进行遍历,实现在 src/memory/paging.rs 中\n // 放在下面\n for page in PageRange::new(self.start, self.end) {\n self.handler.map(pt, page, &self.attr);\n }\n }\n fn unmap(&self, pt : &mut PageTableImpl) {\n for page in PageRange::new(self.start, self.end) {\n self.handler.unmap(pt, page);\n }\n }\n // 是否与另一虚拟地址区间相交\n pub fn is_overlap_with(&self, start_addr : usize, end_addr : usize) -> bool {\n let p1 = self.start / PAGE_SIZE;\n let p2 = (self.end - 1) / PAGE_SIZE + 1;\n let p3 = start_addr / PAGE_SIZE;\n let p4 = (end_addr - 1) / PAGE_SIZE + 1;\n !((p1 >= p4) || (p2 , attr : MemoryAttr) -> Self {\n MemoryArea{\n start : start_addr,\n end : end_addr,\n handler : handler,\n attr : attr,\n }\n }\n}\n\nMemorySet\n最后,则是最高层的 MemorySet ,它描述一个实际可用的虚拟地址空间以供程序使用。\n// src/memory/memory_set/mod.rs\npub struct MemorySet {\n // 管理有哪些 MemoryArea\n areas: Vec,\n // 使用页表来管理其所有的映射\n page_table: PageTableImpl,\n}\n\nimpl MemorySet {\n pub fn push(&mut self, start: usize, end: usize, attr: MemoryAttr, handler: impl MemoryHandler) {\n // 加入一个新的给定了 handler 以及 attr 的 MemoryArea\n\n // 合法性测试\n assert!(start bool {\n // 迭代器的基本应用\n self.areas\n .iter()\n .find(|area| area.is_overlap_with(start, end))\n .is_none()\n }\n // 将 CPU 所在的虚拟地址空间切换为本 MemorySet\n pub unsafe fn activate(&self) {\n // 这和切换到存储其全部映射的页表是一码事\n self.page_table.activate();\n }\n}\n\n事实上,在内核中运行的所有程序都离不开内核的支持,所以必须要能够访问内核的代码和数据;同时,为了保证任何时候我们都可以修改页表,我们需要物理内存的映射一直存在。因此,在一个 MemorySet 初始化时,我们就要将上述这些段加入进去。\n// src/memory/memory_set/mod.rs\n\nimpl MemorySet {\n ...\n pub fn new() -> Self {\n let mut memory_set = MemorySet {\n areas: Vec::new(),\n page_table: PageTableImpl::new_bare(),\n };\n // 插入内核各段以及物理内存段\n memory_set.map_kernel_and_physical_memory();\n memory_set\n }\n pub fn map_kernel_and_physical_memory(&mut self) {\n extern \"C\" {\n fn stext();\n fn etext();\n fn srodata();\n fn erodata();\n fn sdata();\n fn edata();\n fn sbss();\n fn ebss();\n fn end();\n }\n let offset = PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET;\n // 各段全部采用偏移量固定的线性映射\n // .text R|X\n self.push(\n stext as usize,\n etext as usize,\n MemoryAttr::new().set_readonly().set_execute(),\n Linear::new(offset),\n );\n // .rodata R\n self.push(\n srodata as usize,\n erodata as usize,\n MemoryAttr::new().set_readonly(),\n Linear::new(offset),\n );\n // .data R|W\n self.push(\n sdata as usize,\n edata as usize,\n MemoryAttr::new(),\n Linear::new(offset)\n );\n // .bss R|W\n self.push(\n sbss as usize,\n ebss as usize,\n MemoryAttr::new(),\n Linear::new(offset)\n );\n // 物理内存 R|W\n self.push(\n (end as usize / PAGE_SIZE + 1) * PAGE_SIZE,\n access_pa_via_va(PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END),\n MemoryAttr::new(),\n Linear::new(offset),\n );\n }\n}\n\n这样,有了上面的抽象和对应实现,我们就可以根据 OS kernel 这个程序中不同段的属性建立不同属性的页表项,更加精确地体系了 OS kernel 各个部分的被访问特征。具体如何建立,请看下一节。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter5/part6.html":{"url":"chapter5/part6.html","title":"内核重映射实现之三:完结","keywords":"","body":"内核重映射实现之三:完结\n\n代码\n\n在内存模块初始化时,我们新建一个精细映射的 MemorySet 并切换过去供内核使用。\n// src/memory/mod.rs\n......\npub fn init(l: usize, r: usize) {\n FRAME_ALLOCATOR.lock().init(l, r);\n init_heap();\n // 内核重映射\n kernel_remap();\n println!(\"++++ setup memory! ++++\");\n}\npub fn kernel_remap() {\n let mut memory_set = MemorySet::new();\n extern \"C\" {\n fn bootstack(); //定义在src/boot/entry64.asm\n fn bootstacktop(); //定义在src/boot/entry64.asm\n }\n // 將启动栈 push 进来\n memory_set.push(\n bootstack as usize,\n bootstacktop as usize,\n MemoryAttr::new(),\n Linear::new(PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET),\n );\n unsafe {\n memory_set.activate();\n }\n}\n\n这里要注意的是,我们不要忘了将启动栈加入实际可用的虚拟内存空间。因为我们现在仍处于启动过程中,因此离不开启动栈。\n主函数里则是:\n// src/init.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n crate::interrupt::init();\n\n extern \"C\" {\n fn end();\n }\n crate::memory::init(\n ((end as usize - KERNEL_BEGIN_VADDR + KERNEL_BEGIN_PADDR) >> 12) + 1,\n PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END >> 12\n );\n\n crate::timer::init();\n loop {}\n}\n\n运行一下,可以发现屏幕上仍在整齐的输出着 100 ticks!\n我们回过头来验证一下关于读、写、执行的权限是否被正确处理了。\n写这么几个测试函数:\n// 只读权限,却要写入\nfn write_readonly_test() {\n extern \"C\" {\n fn srodata();\n }\n unsafe {\n let ptr = srodata as usize as *mut u8;\n *ptr = 0xab;\n }\n}\n\n// 不允许执行,非要执行\nfn execute_unexecutable_test() {\n extern \"C\" {\n fn sbss();\n }\n unsafe {\n asm!(\"jr $0\" :: \"r\"(sbss as usize) :: \"volatile\");\n }\n}\n\n// 找不到页表项\nfn read_invalid_test() {\n println!(\"{}\", unsafe { *(0x12345678 as usize as *const u8) });\n}\n\n在 memory::init 后面调用任一个测试函数,都会发现内核 panic 并输出:\n\n[danger] undefined trap\npanicked at 'undefined trap!', src/interrupt.rs:40:14\n\n\n这说明内核意识到出了某些问题进入了中断,但我们并没有加以解决。\n我们在中断处理里面加上对应的处理方案:\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub fn rust_trap(tf: &mut TrapFrame) {\n match tf.scause.cause() {\n Trap::Exception(Exception::Breakpoint) => breakpoint(&mut tf.sepc),\n Trap::Interrupt(Interrupt::SupervisorTimer) => super_timer(),\n Trap::Exception(Exception::InstructionPageFault) => page_fault(tf),\n Trap::Exception(Exception::LoadPageFault) => page_fault(tf),\n Trap::Exception(Exception::StorePageFault) => page_fault(tf),\n _ => panic!(\"undefined trap!\")\n }\n}\n\nfn page_fault(tf: &mut TrapFrame) {\n println!(\"{:?} va = {:#x} instruction = {:#x}\", tf.scause.cause(), tf.stval, tf.sepc);\n panic!(\"page fault!\");\n}\n\n我们再依次运行三个测试,会得到结果为:\n\n[success] 权限测试\n// read_invalid_test Result\nException(LoadPageFault) va = 0x12345678 instruction = 0xffffffffc020866c\npanicked at 'page fault!', src/interrupt.rs:65:5\n// execute_unexecutable_test Result\nException(InstructionPageFault) va = 0xffffffffc021d000 instruction = 0xffffffffc021d000\npanicked at 'page fault!', src/interrupt.rs:65:5\n// write_readonly_test Result\nException(StorePageFault) va = 0xffffffffc0213000 instruction = 0xffffffffc020527e\npanicked at 'page fault!', src/interrupt.rs:65:5\n\n\n从中我们可以清楚的看出内核成功的找到了错误的原因,内核各段被成功的设置了不同的权限。我们达到了内核重映射的目的!目前的代码能在这里找到。\n\n[info] 如何找到产生错误的源码位置\n在上面的三个测试中,虽然可以看到出错的指令的虚拟地址,但还是不能很直接地在源码级对应到出错的地方。这里有两个方法可以做到源码级错误定位,一个是 Qemu+GDB 的动态调试方法(这里不具体讲解),另外一个是通过addr2line工具来帮助我们根据指令的虚拟地址来做到源码的位置,具体方法如下:\n#先找到编译初的ELF格式的OS\n$ cd rCore_tutorial/os/target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug\n$ file os # 这个就是我们要分析的目标\nos: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, UCB RISC-V, version 1 (SYSV), statically linked, with debug_info, not stripped\n$ riscv64-unknown-elf-addr2line -e os 0xffffffffc020527e\nrCore_tutorial/os/src/init.rs:35\n#查看rCore_tutorial/os/src/init.rs第35行的位置,可以看到\n29: fn write_readonly_test() {\n30: extern \"C\" {\n31: fn srodata();\n32: }\n33: unsafe {\n34: let ptr = srodata as usize as *mut u8;\n35: *ptr = 0xab;\n36: }\n37: }\n#可以轻松定位到出错的语句``*ptr = 0xab;``\n\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter5/part7.html":{"url":"chapter5/part7.html","title":"总结与展望","keywords":"","body":"总结与展望\n本章我们区分了物理内存和虚拟内存,并利用页表在他们中间建立联系。我们分析了内核初始映射的代码,并希望通过更加精细的映射使各段具有不同的权限。\n我们使用 MemorySet -> MemoryArea -> MemoryHandler ,来以不同的方式调用页表 PageTableImpl 的接口,使得各段的映射方式不同。\nMemorySet 是内核给程序分配的虚拟内存空间,现在它只是给自己分配了一个,之后还会给其他用户程序分配。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter6/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter6/introduction.html","title":"第六章:内核线程","keywords":"","body":"第六章:内核线程与线程调度\n\n[info]线程与进程\n从源代码经过编译器一系列处理(编译、链接、优化等)得到的可执行文件,我们称为程序。\n而简单地说,进程 (Process) 就是使用正在运行并使用资源的程序,与放在磁盘中一动不动的程序不同,首先,进程得到了操作系统的资源支持:程序的代码、数据段被加载到内存中,程序所需的虚拟内存空间被真正构建出来。同时操作系统还给进程分配了程序所要求的各种其他资源,最典型的当属文件、网络等。\n然而如果仅此而已,进程还尚未体现出其“正在运行”的特性。而正在运行意味着 CPU 要去执行程序代码段中的代码,为了能够进行函数调用,我们还需要一点额外的内存:即栈(stack)。如果要进行动态内存分配,我们还需要另外一些额外的内容:即堆(heap)。\n出于种种目的,我们通常将“正在运行”的特性从进程中剥离出来,这样的一个借助 CPU + 栈的执行流,我们称之为线程 (Thread) 。一个进程可以有多个线程,也可以如传统进程一样只有一个线程。\n这样,进程虽然仍是代表一个正在运行的程序,但是其主要功能是作为资源管理的单位,管理内存、文件、网络等资源。而一个进程的多个线程则共享这些资源,专注于执行,从而作为执行流调度的单位。\n现代的处理器 (Processor),往往都具有多个核(核、Core、CPU 其实都是一个概念),从而可以在同一时间运行多个线程(可能来自于同个进程,也可能不同)。因此基于多线程的程序,则可以在占据同样资源的情况下,充分利用多核来同时执行更多的指令,宏观上提高整个程序的运行速度。\n\n在本教程中,出于简化,进程的概念被弱化。我们主要讨论线程以及基于线程进行执行流调度。\n本章你将会学到:\n\n内核线程的概念\n线程执行的状态表示与保存\n线程切换\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter6/part1.html":{"url":"chapter6/part1.html","title":"线程状态与保存","keywords":"","body":"线程状态与保存\n\n代码\n\n如果将整个运行中的内核看作一个内核进程,那么一个内核线程只负责内核进程中执行的部分。虽然我们之前从未提到过内核线程的概念,但是在我们设置完启动栈,并跳转到 rust_main 之后,我们的第一个内核线程——内核启动线程就已经在运行了!\n线程的状态\n想想一个线程何以区别于其他线程。由于线程是负责“执行”,因此我们要通过线程当前的执行状态(也称线程上下文,线程状态,Context)来描述线程的当前执行情况(也称执行现场)。也就包括:\n\nCPU 各寄存器的状态:\n简单想想,我们会特别关心程序运行到了哪里:即 PC\\text{PC}PC ;还有栈顶的位置:即 SP\\text{SP}SP 。\n当然,其他所有的寄存器都是一样重要的。\n\n线程的栈里面的内容:\n首先,我们之前提到过,寄存器和栈支持了函数调用与参数传递机制;\n其次,我们在函数中用到的局部变量其实都是分配在栈上的。它们在进入函数时被压到栈上,在从函数返回时被回收。而事实上,这些变量的局部性不只限于这个函数,还包括执行函数代码的线程。\n这是因为,同个进程的多个线程使用的是不同的栈,因此分配在一个线程的栈上的那些变量,都只有这个线程自身会访问。(通常,虽然理论上一个线程可以访问其他线程的栈,但由于并无什么意义,我们不会这样做)\n与之相比,放在程序的数据段中的全局变量(或称静态变量)则是所有线程都能够访问。数据段包括只读数据段 .rodata\\text{.rodata}.rodata ,可读可写的 .data,.bss\\text{.data,.bss}.data,.bss 。在线程访问这些数据时一定要多加小心,因为你并不清楚是不是有其他线程同时也在访问,这会带来一系列问题。\n\n\n线程状态的保存\n一个线程不会总是占据 CPU 资源,因此在执行过程中,它可能会被切换出去;之后的某个时刻,又从其他线程切换回来,为了线程能够像我们从未将它切换出去过一样继续正常执行,我们要保证切换前后线程的执行状态不变。\n其他线程不会修改当前线程的栈,因此栈上的内容保持不变;但是 CPU 跑去执行其他代码去了,CPU 各寄存器的状态势必发生变化,所以我们要将 CPU 当前的状态(各寄存器的值)保存在当前线程的栈上,以备日后恢复。但是我们也并不需要保存所有的寄存器,事实上只需保存:\n\n返回地址 ra\\text{ra}ra\n页表寄存器 satp\\text{satp}satp(考虑到属于同一进程的线程间共享一个页表,这一步不是必须的)\n被调用者保存寄存器 s0∼s11\\text{s}_0\\sim\\text{s}_{11}s​0​​∼s​11​​\n\n这与线程切换的实现方式有关,我们到时再进行说明。\n线程的实现\n首先是线程在栈上保存的内容:\n// src/context.rs\n\n// 回忆属性 #[repr(C)] 是为了让 rust 编译器以 C 语言的方式\n// 按照字段的声明顺序分配内存\n// 从而可以利用汇编代码正确地访问它们\n#[repr(C)]\npub struct ContextContent {\n pub ra: usize,\n satp: usize,\n s: [usize; 12],\n tf: TrapFrame,\n}\n\n前三个分别对应 ra,satp,s0∼s11\\text{ra,satp,s}_0\\sim\\text{s}_{11}ra,satp,s​0​​∼s​11​​,那最后为什么还有个中断帧呢?实际上,我们通过中断帧,来利用中断机制的一部分来进行线程初始化。我们马上就会看到究竟是怎么回事。\n// src/context.rs\n\n#[repr(C)]\npub struct Context {\n pub content_addr: usize,\n}\n\n对于一个被切换出去的线程,为了能够有朝一日将其恢复回来,由于它的状态已经保存在它自己的栈上,我们唯一关心的就是其栈顶的地址。我们用结构体 Context 来描述被切换出去的线程的状态。\n随后开一个新的 process mod ,在里面定义线程结构体 Thread 。\n// src/process/structs.rs\npub struct Thread {\n // 线程的状态\n pub context: Context,\n // 线程的栈\n pub kstack: KernelStack,\n}\n\nThread里面用到了内核栈 KernelStack :\n// src/consts.rs\npub const KERNEL_STACK_SIZE: usize = 0x80000;\n\n// src/process/structs.rs\npub struct KernelStack(usize);\nimpl KernelStack {\n pub fn new() -> Self {\n let bottom = unsafe {\n alloc(Layout::from_size_align(KERNEL_STACK_SIZE, KERNEL_STACK_SIZE).unwrap()) as usize\n };\n KernelStack(bottom)\n }\n}\nimpl Drop for KernelStack {\n fn drop(&mut self) {\n ......\n dealloc(\n self.0 as _,\n Layout::from_size_align(KERNEL_STACK_SIZE, KERNEL_STACK_SIZE).unwrap(),\n );\n ......\n }\n}\n\n在使用 KernelStack::new 新建一个内核栈时,我们使用第四章所讲的动态内存分配,从堆上分配一块虚拟内存作为内核栈。然而 KernelStack 本身只保存这块内存的起始地址。其原因在于当线程生命周期结束后,作为 Thread 一部分的 KernelStack 实例被回收时,由于我们实现了 Drop Trait ,该实例会调用 drop 函数将创建时分配的那块虚拟内存回收,从而避免内存溢出。当然。如果是空的栈就不必回收了。\n因此,我们是出于自动回收内核栈的考虑将 KernelStack 放在 Thread 中。另外,需要注意压栈操作导致栈指针是从高地址向低地址变化;出栈操作则相反。\n下一节,我们来看如何进行线程切换。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter6/part2.html":{"url":"chapter6/part2.html","title":"线程切换","keywords":"","body":"线程切换\n\n代码\n\n我们要用这个函数完成线程切换:\n// src/process/structs.rs\nimpl Thread {\n pub fn switch_to(&mut self, target: &mut Thread) {\n unsafe { self.context.switch(&mut target.context); }\n }\n}\n\n通过调用 switch_to 函数将当前正在执行的线程切换为另一个线程。实现方法是两个 Context 的切换。\n// src/lib.rs\n\n#![feature(naked_functions)]\n\n// src/context.rs\n\nimpl Context {\n #[naked]\n #[inline(never)]\n pub unsafe extern \"C\" fn switch(&mut self, target: &mut Context) {\n asm!(include_str!(\"process/switch.asm\") :::: \"volatile\");\n }\n}\n\n这里需要对两个宏进行一下说明:\n\n#[naked] ,告诉 rust 编译器不要给这个函数插入任何开场白 (prologue) 以及结语 (epilogue) 。\n我们知道,一般情况下根据 函数调用约定(calling convention) ,编译器会自动在函数开头为我们插入设置寄存器、栈(比如保存 callee-save 寄存器,分配局部变量等工作)的代码作为开场白,结语则是将开场白造成的影响恢复。\n\n#[inline(never)] ,告诉 rust 编译器永远不要将该函数内联。\n内联 (inline) 是指编译器对于一个函数调用,直接将函数体内的代码复制到调用函数的位置。而非像经典的函数调用那样,先跳转到函数入口,函数体结束后再返回。这样做的优点在于避免了跳转;但却加大了代码容量。\n有时编译器在优化中会将未显式声明为内联的函数优化为内联的。但是我们这里要用到调用-返回机制,因此告诉编译器不能将这个函数内联。\n\n\n这个函数我们用汇编代码 src/process/switch.asm 实现。\n由于函数调用约定(calling convention) ,我们知道的是寄存器 a0,a1a_0,a_1a​0​​,a​1​​ 分别保存“当前线程栈顶地址”所在的地址,以及“要切换到的线程栈顶地址”所在的地址。\n\n[info]RISC-V 函数调用约定(Calling Convention)\n\n\n\n寄存器\nABI 名称\n描述\nSaver\n\n\n\n\nx0\nzero\nHard-wired zero\n------\n\n\nx1\nra\nReturn address\nCaller\n\n\nx2\nsp\nStack pointer\nCallee\n\n\nx3\ngp\nGlobal pointer\n------\n\n\nx4\ntp\nThread pointer\n------\n\n\nx5-7\nt0-2\nTemporaries\nCaller\n\n\nx8\ns0/fp\nSaved register/frame pointer\nCallee\n\n\nx9\ns1\nSaved register\nCallee\n\n\nx10-11\na0-1\nFunction arguments/return values\nCaller\n\n\nx12-17\na2-7\nFunction arguments\nCaller\n\n\nx18-27\ns2-11\nSaved registers\nCallee\n\n\nx28-31\nt3-6\nTemporaries\nCaller\n\n\n\n我们切换进程时需要保存 Callee-saved registers 以及ra。\n\n所以要做的事情是:\n\n将当前的 CPU 状态保存到当前栈上,并更新“当前线程栈顶地址”,通过写入寄存器 a0a_0a​0​​ 值所指向的内存;\n读取寄存器 a1a_1a​1​​ 值所指向的内存获取“要切换到的线程栈顶地址”,切换栈,并从栈上恢复 CPU 状态\n\n# src/process/switch.asm\n\n.equ XLENB, 8\n.macro Load a1, a2\n ld \\a1, \\a2*XLENB(sp)\n.endm\n.macro Store a1, a2\n sd \\a1, \\a2*XLENB(sp)\n.endm\n # 入栈,即在当前栈上分配空间保存当前 CPU 状态\n addi sp, sp, -14*XLENB\n # 更新“当前线程栈顶地址”\n sd sp, 0(a0)\n # 依次保存各寄存器的值\n Store ra, 0\n Store s0, 2\n ......\n Store s11, 13\n csrr s11, satp\n Store s11, 1\n # 当前线程状态保存完毕\n\n # 准备恢复到“要切换到的线程”\n # 读取“要切换到的线程栈顶地址”,并直接换栈\n ld sp, 0(a1)\n # 依序恢复各寄存器\n Load s11, 1\n # 恢复页表寄存器 satp,别忘了使用屏障指令 sfence.vma 刷新 TLB\n csrw satp, s11\n sfence.vma\n Load ra, 0\n Load s0, 2\n ......\n Load s11, 13\n # 各寄存器均被恢复,恢复过程结束\n # “要切换到的线程” 变成了 “当前线程”\n # 出栈,即在当前栈上回收用来保存线程状态的内存\n addi sp, sp, 14*XLENB\n\n # 将“当前线程的栈顶地址”修改为 0\n # 这并不会修改当前的栈\n # 事实上这个值只有当对应的线程停止时才有效\n # 这里主要是标志这个线程开始运行了\n sd zero, 0(a1)\n ret\n\n这里需要说明的是:\n\n我们是如何利用函数调用及返回机制的\n我们说为了线程能够切换回来,我们要保证切换前后线程状态不变。这并不完全正确,事实上程序计数器 PC\\text{PC}PC 发生了变化:在切换回来之后我们需要从 switch_to 返回之后的第一条指令继续执行!\n因此可以较为巧妙地利用函数调用及返回机制:在调用 switch_to 函数之前编译器会帮我们将 ra\\text{ra}ra 寄存器的值改为 switch_to 返回后第一条指令的地址。所以我们恢复 ra\\text{ra}ra ,再调用 ret: pc←ra\\text{ret: pc}\\leftarrow\\text{ra}ret: pc←ra ,这样会跳转到返回之后的第一条指令。\n\n为何不必保存全部寄存器\n因此这是一个函数调用,由于函数调用约定(calling convention) ,编译器会自动生成代码在调用前后帮我们保存、恢复所有的 caller-saved 寄存器。于是乎我们需要手动保存所有的 callee-saved 寄存器 s0∼s11\\text{s}_0\\sim\\text{s}_{11}s​0​​∼s​11​​ 。这样所有的寄存器都被保存了。\n\n\n下面一节我们来研究如何进行线程初始化。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter6/part3.html":{"url":"chapter6/part3.html","title":"内核线程初始化","keywords":"","body":"内核线程初始化\n\n代码\n\n回忆一下我们如何进行启动线程的初始化?无非两步:设置栈顶地址、跳转到内核入口地址。从而变为启动线程的初始状态,并准备开始运行。\n其他线程的初始化也差不多。事实上我们要构造一个停止的线程状态,使得一旦其他的进程切换到它,就立刻变为我们想要的该线程的初始状态,并可以往下运行。\n构造线程状态信息\n首先是要新建一个内核栈,然后在栈上压入我们精心构造的线程状态信息。\n// src/context.rs\nimpl ContextContent {\n // 为一个新内核线程构造栈上的初始状态信息\n // 其入口点地址为 entry ,其内核栈栈顶地址为 kstack_top ,其页表为 satp\n fn new_kernel_thread(\n entry: usize,\n kstack_top: usize,\n satp: usize,\n ) -> ContextContent {\n\n let mut content = ContextContent {\n ra: __trapret as usize,\n satp,\n s: [0; 12],\n tf: {\n let mut tf: TrapFrame = unsafe { zeroed() };\n tf.x[2] = kstack_top;\n tf.sepc = entry;\n tf.sstatus = sstatus::read();\n tf.sstatus.set_spp(sstatus::SPP::Supervisor);\n tf.sstatus.set_spie(true);\n tf.sstatus.set_sie(false);\n tf\n }\n };\n content\n }\n}\n\n首先 satp\\text{satp}satp 在 switch_to 中被正确设置。这里 ra\\text{ra}ra 的值为 __trapret ,因此当 switch_to 使用 ret 退出后会跳转到 __trapret 。而它是我们在中断处理返回时用来恢复中断上下文的!实际上这里用 __trapret 仅仅是利用它来设置寄存器的初始值,而不是说它和中断有什么关系。\n从 switch_to 返回之后,原栈顶的 ra,satp,s0∼s11\\text{ra,satp,s}_0\\sim\\text{s}_{11}ra,satp,s​0​​∼s​11​​ 被回收掉了。因此现在栈顶上恰好保存了一个中断帧。那么我们从中断返回的视角来看待:栈顶地址会被正确设置为 kstack_top ,由于将中断帧的 sepc\\text{sepc}sepc 设置为线程入口点,因此中断返回后会通过 sret 跳转到线程入口点。\n注意中断帧中 sstatus\\text{sstatus}sstatus 的设置:\n\n将 SPP\\text{SPP}SPP 设置为 Supervisor ,使得使用 sret 返回后 CPU 的特权级为 S Mode 。\n设置 SIE,SPIE\\text{SIE,SPIE}SIE,SPIE,这里的作用是 sret 返回后,在内核线程中使能异步中断。详情请参考RISC-V 特权指令集文档。\n\n我们还希望能够给线程传入参数,这只需要修改中断帧中的x10,x11,...,x17x_10,x_11,...,x_17 x​1​​0,x​1​​1,...,x​1​​7(即参数a0,a1,...,a7a_0,a_1,...,a_7a​0​​,a​1​​,...,a​7​​ )即可,__trapret 函数可以协助完成参数传递。\n// src/context.rs\n\nimpl Context {\n pub unsafe fn new_kernel_thread(\n entry: usize,\n kstack_top: usize,\n satp: usize\n ) -> Context {\n ContextContent::new_kernel_thread(entry, kstack_top, satp).push_at(kstack_top)\n }\n pub unsafe fn append_initial_arguments(&self, args: [usize; 3]) {\n let contextContent = &mut *(self.content_addr as *mut ContextContent);\n contextContent.tf.x[10] = args[0];\n contextContent.tf.x[11] = args[1];\n contextContent.tf.x[12] = args[2];\n }\n}\nimpl ContextContent {\n // 将自身压到栈上,并返回 Context\n unsafe fn push_at(self, stack_top: usize) -> Context {\n let ptr = (stack_top as *mut ContextContent).sub(1);\n *ptr = self;\n Context { content_addr: ptr as usize }\n }\n}\n\n创建新线程\n接下来就是线程的创建:\n// src/process/structs.rs\nimpl Thread {\n // 创建一个新线程,放在堆上\n pub fn new_kernel(entry: usize) -> Box {\n unsafe {\n let kstack_ = KernelStack::new();\n Box::new(Thread {\n // 内核线程共享内核资源,因此用目前的 satp 即可\n context: Context::new_kernel_thread(entry, kstack_.top(), satp::read().bits()), kstack: kstack_,\n })\n }\n }\n // 为线程传入初始参数\n pub fn append_initial_arguments(&self, args: [usize; 3]) {\n unsafe { self.context.append_initial_arguments(args); }\n }\n}\n\n下一节我们终于能拨云见日,写一个测试看看我们的线程实现究竟有无问题了!\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter6/part4.html":{"url":"chapter6/part4.html","title":"内核线程创建与切换测试","keywords":"","body":"测试线程创建与切换\n\n代码\n\n我们想做的事情是:新建一个临时线程,从启动线程切换到临时线程,再切换回来。\n临时线程入口点:\n// src/process/mod.rs\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn temp_thread(from_thread: &mut Thread, current_thread: &mut Thread) {\n println!(\"I'm leaving soon, but I still want to say: Hello world!\");\n current_thread.switch_to(from_thread);\n}\n\n传入的参数中有一个 from_thread ,它本应代表启动线程。但是身处启动线程中,我们如何构造一个 Thread 实例表示其自身呢?\n// src/context.rs\nimpl Context {\n pub fn null() -> Context {\n Context { content_addr: 0, }\n }\n}\n\n// src/process/structs.rs\nimpl Thread {\n pub fn get_boot_thread() -> Box {\n Box::new(Thread {\n context: Context::null(),\n kstack: KernelStack::new_empty(),\n })\n }\n}\n\n其实作为一个正在运行的线程,栈早就开好了,我们什么都不用做啦!一切都被我们的线程切换机制搞定了。\n下面正式开始测试:\n// src/process/mod.rs\n\npub fn init() {\n\n let mut boot_thread = Thread::get_boot_thread();\n let mut temp_thread = Thread::new_kernel(temp_thread as usize);\n\n unsafe {\n // 对于放在堆上的数据,我只想到这种比较蹩脚的办法拿到它所在的地址...\n temp_thread.append_initial_arguments([&*boot_thread as *const Thread as usize, &*temp_thread as *const Thread as usize, 0]);\n }\n boot_thread.switch_to(&mut temp_thread);\n\n println!(\"switched back from temp_thread!\");\n loop {}\n}\n\n终于能够 make run 看一下结果啦!\n\n[success] 内核线程切换与测试\nI'm leaving soon, but I still want to say: Hello world!\nswitched back from temp_thread!\n\n可见我们切换到了临时线程,又切换了回来!测试成功!\n截至目前所有的代码可以在这里找到以供参考。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter6/part5.html":{"url":"chapter6/part5.html","title":"总结与展望","keywords":"","body":"总结与展望\n本章我们介绍了进程和线程的概念,由于进程管理的资源事实上仅有虚拟内存,而它用一个 satp\\text{satp}satp 寄存器的值即可描述。因此我们弱化进程概念,只研究线程。但是要注意二者的区别:对于实际上的内核,情况可完全不是这样!\n接着,处于要将线程切换出去的目的,我们讨论如何表达线程的运行状态,以及如何用栈实现线程状态的保存与恢复,进而实现了线程切换。\n最终,我们初始化一个临时线程(注意利用 __trapret 初始化寄存器的小技巧),并从启动线程切换过去并切换回来。\n如果同时有多个线程需要执行,我们需要公平合理地分配 CPU 资源给这些线程,让它们都能被运行到,这就是下一章所要讲的线程调度。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter7/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter7/introduction.html","title":"第七章:线程调度","keywords":"","body":"第七章:线程调度\n本章概要\n上一章我们已经支持内核线程的创建及切换。然而,为了支持多个线程并发运行,我们应当如何选择线程间切换的时机,更加合理地分配 CPU 资源呢?\n本章你将会学到:\n\n使用线程池对线程进行管理\n创建后台的内核调度线程 idle 用于线程调度\n基于时钟中断定期进行线程调度\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter7/part1.html":{"url":"chapter7/part1.html","title":"线程池与线程管理","keywords":"","body":"线程管理器\n\n代码\n\n线程状态\n从调度器的角度来看,每个线程都有一个独一无二的 Tid 来区分它和其他线程。\n// in process/mod.rs\npub type Tid = usize;\npub type ExitCode = usize;\n\n同时,线程的状态有下面几种:\n// src/process/struct.rs\n#[derive(Clone)]\npub enum Status {\n // 就绪:可以运行,但是要等到 CPU 的资源分配给它\n Ready,\n // 正在运行\n Running(Tid),\n // 睡眠:当前被阻塞,要满足某些条件才能继续运行\n Sleeping,\n // 退出:该线程执行完毕并退出\n Exited(ExitCode),\n}\n\n调度算法接口设计\n在一个线程运行的过程中,调度器需要定期查看当前线程的已运行时间,如果已经达到一个阈值,那么出于公平起见,应该将 CPU 资源交给其他线程,也即切换到其他线程。\n查看的间隔不能太长,这样的话等于线程调度根本没起到作用;但是也不能过于频繁, CPU 的资源大量投资在调度器上更是得不偿失。\n我们的线程调度算法基于时钟中断,我们会在时钟中断中进入调度器看看当前线程是否需要切换出去。\n因此,调度算法的接口 Scheduler 如下:\n// src/process/scheduler.rs\npub trait Scheduler {\n // 如果 tid 不存在,表明将一个新线程加入线程调度\n // 否则表明一个已有的线程要继续运行\n fn push(&mut self, tid: Tid);\n // 从若干可运行线程中选择一个运行\n fn pop(&mut self) -> Option;\n // 时钟中断中,提醒调度算法当前线程又运行了一个 tick\n // 返回的 bool 表示调度算法认为当前线程是否需要被切换出去\n fn tick(&mut self) -> bool;\n // 告诉调度算法一个线程已经结束\n fn exit(&mut self, tid: Tid);\n}\n\n线程池接口设计\n调度算法 Scheduler 只管理 Tid ,和线程并没有关系。因此,我们使用线程池 ThreadPool 来给线程和 Tid 建立联系,将 Scheduler 的 Tid 调度变成线程调度。\n事实上,每个线程刚被创建时并没有一个 Tid ,这是线程池给线程分配的。\n// src/process/thread_pool.rs\n// 线程池每个位置的信息\nstruct ThreadInfo {\n // 占据这个位置的线程当前运行状态\n status: Status,\n // 占据这个位置的线程\n thread: Option>,\n}\n\npub struct ThreadPool {\n // 线程池\n // 如果一个位置是 None 表示未被线程占据\n threads: Vec>,\n // 调度算法\n // 这里的 dyn Scheduler 是 Trait object 语法\n // 表明 Box 里面的类型实现了 Scheduler Trait\n scheduler: Box,\n}\n\n线程池的方法\n作为一个线程池,需要实现调度相关的一系列操作:\n\nalloc_tid:为新线程分配一个新的 Tid\nadd:添加一个可立即开始运行的线程\nacquire:从线程池中取一个线程开始运行\nretrieve:让当前线程交出 CPU 资源\ntick:时钟中断时查看当前所运行线程是否要切换出去\nexit:退出线程\n\n下面,我们依次来看看线程池的方法:\n// src/process/thread_pool.rs\n\nimpl ThreadPool {\n // 新建一个线程池,其最大可容纳 size 个线程,使用调度器 scheduler\n pub fn new(size: usize, scheduler: Box) -> ThreadPool {\n ThreadPool {\n threads: {\n let mut v = Vec::new();\n v.resize_with(size, Default::default);\n v\n },\n scheduler,\n }\n }\n // 在线程池中找一个编号最小的空着的位置\n // 将编号作为 Tid 返回\n fn alloc_tid(&self) -> Tid {\n for (i, info) in self.threads.iter().enumerate() {\n if info.is_none() {\n return i;\n }\n }\n panic!(\"alloc tid failed!\");\n }\n\n // 加入一个可立即开始运行的线程\n // 线程状态 Uninitialized -> Ready\n pub fn add(&mut self, _thread: Box) {\n // 分配 Tid\n let tid = self.alloc_tid();\n // 修改线程池对应位置的信息\n self.threads[tid] = Some(\n ThreadInfo {\n // 状态:随时准备运行,等待 CPU 资源中\n status: Status::Ready,\n // 传入线程\n thread: Some(_thread),\n }\n );\n // 将线程的 Tid 加入调度器\n // 提醒调度器给这个线程分配 CPU 资源\n self.scheduler.push(tid);\n }\n\n // 从线程池中取一个线程开始运行\n // 线程状态 Ready -> Running\n pub fn acquire(&mut self) -> Option)> {\n // 调用 Scheduler::pop ,从调度算法中获取接下来要运行的 Tid\n if let Some(tid) = self.scheduler.pop() {\n // 获取并更新线程池对应位置的信息\n let mut thread_info = self.threads[tid].as_mut().expect(\"thread not exist!\");\n // 将线程状态改为 Running\n thread_info.status = Status::Running(tid);\n return Some((tid, thread_info.thread.take().expect(\"thread not exist!\")));\n }\n else {\n return None;\n }\n }\n // 这个线程已运行了太长时间或者已运行结束,需要交出CPU资源\n // 但是要提醒线程池它仍需要分配 CPU 资源\n pub fn retrieve(&mut self, tid: Tid, thread: Box) {\n // 线程池位置为空,表明这个线程刚刚通过 exit 退出\n if self.threads[tid].is_none() {\n // 不需要 CPU 资源了,退出\n return;\n }\n // 获取并修改线程池对应位置的信息\n let mut thread_info = self.threads[tid].as_mut().expect(\"thread not exist!\");\n thread_info.thread = Some(thread);\n // 此时状态可能是 Status::Sleeping(线程可能会自动放弃 CPU 资源,进入睡眠状态),\n // 直到被唤醒之前都不必给它分配。\n // 而如果此时状态是Running,就说明只是单纯的耗尽了这次分配CPU资源,但还要占用CPU资源继续执行。\n if let Status::Running(_) = thread_info.status {\n // Running -> Ready\n thread_info.status = Status::Ready;\n // 通知线程池继续给此线程分配资源\n self.scheduler.push(tid);\n }\n }\n // Scheduler 的简单包装:时钟中断时查看当前所运行线程是否要切换出去\n pub fn tick(&mut self) -> bool {\n let ret = self.scheduler.tick();\n ret\n }\n // 这个线程已经退出了,线程状态 Running -> Exited\n pub fn exit(&mut self, tid: Tid) {\n // 清空线程池对应位置\n self.threads[tid] = None;\n // 通知调度器\n self.scheduler.exit(tid);\n }\n}\n\n现在我们有了一个线程池 ThreadPool ,它内含调度器,是一个不错的线程管理器。下一节我们将介绍调度线程 idle 以及调度单元 Processor。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter7/part2.html":{"url":"chapter7/part2.html","title":"内核调度线程 idle","keywords":"","body":"内核调度线程 idle\n\n代码\n\n调度线程 idle 的作用\n调度线程 idle 是一个内核线程,它的作用是\n\n当没有任何其他线程时,idle 线程运行并循环检测是否能从线程池中找到一个可运行的线程,如果能找到的话就切换过去;\n当某个线程被调度器决定交出 CPU 资源并切换出去(如它已运行了很久,或它运行结束)时,并不是直接切换到下一个线程,而是先切换回 idle 线程,随后同样进行上述的循环尝试从线程池中找到一个可运行线程并切换过去。\n\n实现调度线程 idle 的封装准备\nProcessorInner\n在介绍 idle 线程的实现之前,我们先要将 idle 线程所需的各种资源封装在一起:\n// src/process/processor.rs\n// 调度单元 Processor 的内容\npub struct ProcessorInner {\n // 线程池\n pool: Box,\n // idle 线程\n idle: Box,\n // 当前正在运行的线程\n current: Option)>,\n}\n\n我们需要 ProcessorInner 能够被全局访问,因为启动线程和调度线程 idle 以及 idle 所管理的线程都会访问它。在处理这种数据的时候我们需要格外小心。\n  Processor\n我们在第四章内存管理中介绍内存分配器时也曾遇到过同样的情况,我们想要实现 static mut 的效果使得多个线程均可修改,但又要求是线程安全的。当时我们的处理方法是使用 spin::Mutex 上一把锁。这里虽然也可以,但是有些大材小用了。因为这里的情况更为简单一些,所以我们使用下面的方法就足够了。\n\n[info]为何说“这里的情况更简单一些”?\n在处理Processor结构体时,是关闭 CPU 中断的。???\n\n// src/process/processor.rs\npub struct Processor {\n inner: UnsafeCell>,\n}\nunsafe impl Sync for Processor {}\n\n// src/process/mod.rs\nuse processor::Processor;\nstatic CPU: Processor = Processor::new();\n\n这里面我们将实例 CPU 声明为 static 。编译器认为 Processor 不一定能够安全地允许多线程访问,于是声明一个 static 实例是会报错的。\n因此我们为 Processor 实现 Sync Trait 告诉编译器这个结构体可以安全的在多个线程中拥有其值的引用,从而允许多线程访问。你并不需要实现任何方法,因为这只是一个标记。它是 unsafe 的,也就是说编译器认为它也许不是线程安全的,你却信誓旦旦地向它保证了这一点,那么如果出了问题的话就只能靠你自己解决了。\n那么 mut 又在哪里?注意到我们使用 UnsafeCell 来对 ProcessInner 进行了包裹,UnsafeCell 提供了内部可变性 (Interior mutability),即使它本身不是 mut 的,仍能够修改内部所包裹的值。另外还有很多种方式可以提供内部可变性。\n接下来首先来看 Processor 的几个简单的方法:\n// src/process/processor.rs\nimpl Processor {\n // 新建一个空的 Processor\n pub const fn new() -> Processor {\n Processor { inner: UnsafeCell::new(None), }\n }\n // 传入 idle 线程,以及线程池进行初始化\n pub fn init(&self, idle: Box, pool: Box) {\n unsafe {\n *self.inner.get() = Some(\n ProcessorInner {\n pool,\n idle,\n current: None,\n }\n );\n }\n }\n // 内部可变性:获取包裹的值的可变引用\n fn inner(&self) -> &mut ProcessorInner {\n unsafe { &mut *self.inner.get() }\n .as_mut()\n .expect(\"Processor is not initialized!\")\n }\n // 通过线程池新增线程\n pub fn add_thread(&self, thread: Box) {\n self.inner().pool.add(thread);\n }\n}\n\nidle 线程与其他它所管理的线程相比有一点不同之处:它不希望被异步中断打断!否则会产生很微妙的错误。\n尤其是时钟中断,设想一个线程时间耗尽,被切换到 idle 线程进行调度,结果还没完成调度又进入时钟中断开始调度。这种情况想必很难处理。\n为此,在 idle 线程中,我们要关闭所有的中断,同时在在适当的时机恢复中断。下面给出几个函数:\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\n#[inline(always)]\npub fn disable_and_store() -> usize {\n let sstatus: usize;\n unsafe {\n // clear sstatus 的 SIE 标志位禁用异步中断\n // 返回 clear 之前的 sstatus 状态\n asm!(\"csrci sstatus, 1 \n核心函数 idle_main\n接下来,我们来看 idle 线程的最核心函数,也是其入口点:\n// src/process/processor.rs\n\nimpl Processor {\n pub fn idle_main(&self) -> ! {\n let inner = self.inner();\n // 在 idle 线程刚进来时禁用异步中断\n disable_and_store();\n\n loop {\n // 如果从线程池中获取到一个可运行线程\n if let Some(thread) = inner.pool.acquire() {\n // 将自身的正在运行线程设置为刚刚获取到的线程\n inner.current = Some(thread);\n // 从正在运行的线程 idle 切换到刚刚获取到的线程\n println!(\"\\n>>>> will switch_to thread {} in idle_main!\", inner.current.as_mut().unwrap().0);\n inner.idle.switch_to(\n &mut *inner.current.as_mut().unwrap().1\n );\n\n // 上个线程时间耗尽,切换回调度线程 idle\n println!(\"\n如果现在都没有任何可运行线程了,那实际上我们也不会进行任何调度,所以即使遇到了时钟中断我们也不怕。而且此时,进入中断是唯一可能给我们提供一些新的线程运行的手段。\n所以我们打开并默默等待中断的到来。待中断返回后,这时可能有线程能够运行了,我们再关闭中断,进入调度循环。\n中断引发调度\n接下来,看看如何借用时钟中断进行周期性调用Processor的tick方法,实现周期性调度。当产生时钟中断时,中断处理函数rust_trap会进一步调用super_timer函数,并最终调用到Processor的tick方法。下面是`tick``方法的具体实现。\n// src/process/processor.rs\n\nimpl Processor {\n pub fn tick(&self) {\n let inner = self.inner();\n if !inner.current.is_none() {\n // 如果当前有在运行线程\n if inner.pool.tick() {\n // 如果返回true, 表示当前运行线程时间耗尽,需要被调度出去\n\n // 我们要进入 idle 线程了,因此必须关闭异步中断\n // 我们可没保证 switch_to 前后 sstatus 寄存器不变\n // 因此必须手动保存\n let flags = disable_and_store();\n\n // 切换到 idle 线程进行调度\n inner.current\n .as_mut()\n .unwrap()\n .1\n .switch_to(&mut inner.idle);\n\n // 之后某个时候又从 idle 线程切换回来\n // 恢复 sstatus 寄存器继续中断处理\n restore(flags);\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\n从一个被 idle 线程管理的线程的角度来看,从进入时钟中断到发现自己要被调度出去,整个过程都还是运行在这个线程自己身上。随后被切换到 idle 线程,又过了一段时间之后从 idle 线程切换回来,继续进行中断处理。\n当然 idle 线程也会进入时钟中断,但这仅限于当前无任何其他可运行线程的情况下。我们可以发现,进入这个时钟中断并不影响 idle 线程正常运行。\n线程退出\n接下来,一个线程如何通过 Processor 宣称自己运行结束并退出。这个函数也是在该线程自身上运行的。\n// src/process/processor.rs\n\nimpl Processor {\n pub fn exit(&self, code: usize) -> ! {\n // 由于要切换到 idle 线程,必须先关闭时钟中断\n disable_and_store();\n // 由于自己正在执行,可以通过这种方式获取自身的 tid\n let inner = self.inner();\n let tid = inner.current.as_ref().unwrap().0;\n\n // 通知线程池这个线程退出啦!\n inner.pool.exit(tid);\n println!(\"thread {} exited, exit code = {}\", tid, code);\n\n // 切换到 idle 线程决定下一个运行哪个线程\n inner.current\n .as_mut()\n .unwrap()\n .1\n .switch_to(&mut inner.idle);\n\n loop {}\n }\n}\n\n// src/process/mod.rs\n\npub fn exit(code: usize) {\n CPU.exit(code);\n}\n\n至此我们说明了调度线程 idle 以及调度单元 Processor 。但我们之前还挖了一个坑,也就是上一节中,调度算法我们只提供了一个接口但并未提供具体实现。下一节我们就来介绍一种最简单的调度算法实现。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter7/part3.html":{"url":"chapter7/part3.html","title":"线程调度之 Round Robin 算法","keywords":"","body":"线程调度之 Round Robin 算法\n\n代码\n\n时间片轮转调度算法(Round Robin)的基本思想是让每个线程在就绪队列中的等待时间与占用 CPU 的执行时间成正比例。其大致实现是:\n\n将系所有的就绪线程按照 FCFS 原则,排成一个就绪队列。\n每次调度时将 CPU 分派(dispatch)给队首进程,让其执行一个时间片。\n在时钟中断时,统计比较当前线程时间片是否已经用完。\n - 如用完,则调度器(scheduler)暂停当前进程的执行,将其送到就绪队列的末尾,并通过切换执行就绪队列的队首进程。\n - 如没用完,则线程继续使用。\n\n对于不同的调度算法,我们实现了一个调度接口框架如下:\npub trait Scheduler {\n fn push(&mut self, tid: Tid);    //把Tid线程放入就绪队列\n fn pop(&mut self) -> Option;  //从就绪队列取出线程\n fn tick(&mut self) -> bool;     //时钟tick(代表时间片)处理\n fn exit(&mut self, tid: Tid);    //线程退出\n}\n\n时间片轮转调度算法对上述四个函数接口有具体的实现。这里我们直接给出时间片轮转调度算法的实现代码,有兴趣者可自行去研究算法细节。\n// src/process/scheduler.rs\n\nuse alloc::vec::Vec;\n\n#[derive(Default)]\nstruct RRInfo {\n valid: bool,\n time: usize,\n prev: usize,\n next: usize,\n}\n\npub struct RRScheduler {\n threads: Vec,\n max_time: usize,\n current: usize,\n}\n\nimpl RRScheduler {\n // 设置每个线程连续运行的最大 tick 数\n pub fn new(max_time_slice: usize) -> Self {\n let mut rr = RRScheduler {\n threads: Vec::default(),\n max_time: max_time_slice,\n current: 0,\n };\n rr.threads.push(\n RRInfo {\n valid: false,\n time: 0,\n prev: 0,\n next: 0,\n }\n );\n rr\n }\n}\nimpl Scheduler for RRScheduler {\n // 分为 1. 新线程 2. 时间片耗尽被切换出的线程 两种情况\n fn push(&mut self, tid : Tid) {\n let tid = tid + 1;\n if tid + 1 > self.threads.len() {\n self.threads.resize_with(tid + 1, Default::default);\n }\n\n if self.threads[tid].time == 0 {\n self.threads[tid].time = self.max_time;\n }\n\n let prev = self.threads[0].prev;\n self.threads[tid].valid = true;\n self.threads[prev].next = tid;\n self.threads[tid].prev = prev;\n self.threads[0].prev = tid;\n self.threads[tid].next = 0;\n }\n\n fn pop(&mut self) -> Option {\n let ret = self.threads[0].next;\n if ret != 0 {\n let next = self.threads[ret].next;\n let prev = self.threads[ret].prev;\n self.threads[next].prev = prev;\n self.threads[prev].next = next;\n self.threads[ret].prev = 0;\n self.threads[ret].next = 0;\n self.threads[ret].valid = false;\n self.current = ret;\n Some(ret-1)\n }else{\n None\n }\n }\n\n // 当前线程的可用时间片 -= 1\n fn tick(&mut self) -> bool{\n let tid = self.current;\n if tid != 0 {\n self.threads[tid].time -= 1;\n if self.threads[tid].time == 0 {\n return true;\n }else{\n return false;\n }\n }\n return true;\n }\n\n fn exit(&mut self, tid : Tid) {\n let tid = tid + 1;\n if self.current == tid {\n self.current = 0;\n }\n }\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter7/part4.html":{"url":"chapter7/part4.html","title":"线程调度测试","keywords":"","body":"线程调度测试\n\n代码\n\n我们终于可以来测试一下这一章的代码实现的有没有问题了!\n// src/process/mod.rs\n\nuse scheduler::RRScheduler;\nuse thread_pool::ThreadPool;\nuse alloc::boxed::Box;\n\npub fn init() {\n // 使用 Round Robin Scheduler\n let scheduler = RRScheduler::new(1);\n // 新建线程池\n let thread_pool = ThreadPool::new(100, Box::new(scheduler));\n // 新建内核线程 idle ,其入口为 Processor::idle_main\n let idle = Thread::new_kernel(Processor::idle_main as usize);\n // 我们需要传入 CPU 的地址作为参数\n idle.append_initial_arguments([&CPU as *const Processor as usize, 0, 0]);\n // 初始化 CPU\n CPU.init(idle, Box::new(thread_pool));\n\n // 依次新建 5 个内核线程并加入调度单元\n for i in 0..5 {\n CPU.add_thread({\n let thread = Thread::new_kernel(hello_thread as usize);\n // 传入一个编号作为参数\n thread.append_initial_arguments([i, 0, 0]);\n thread\n });\n }\n println!(\"++++ setup process! ++++\");\n}\n\npub fn run() {\n CPU.run();\n}\n\n// src/process/processor.rs\n\nimpl Processor {\n pub fn run(&self) {\n // 运行,也就是从启动线程切换到调度线程 idle\n Thread::get_boot_thread().switch_to(&mut self.inner().idle);\n }\n}\n\n内核线程的入口点是:\n// src/process/mod.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn hello_thread(arg: usize) -> ! {\n println!(\"begin of thread {}\", arg);\n for i in 0..800 {\n print!(\"{}\", arg);\n }\n println!(\"\\nend of thread {}\", arg);\n // 通知 CPU 自身已经退出\n CPU.exit(0);\n loop {}\n}\n\n随后我们在rust_main主函数里添加调用crate::process::init()函数和crate::process::run()函数:\n// src/init.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n crate::interrupt::init();\n\n extern \"C\" {\n fn end();\n }\n crate::memory::init(\n ((end as usize - KERNEL_BEGIN_VADDR + KERNEL_BEGIN_PADDR) >> 12) + 1,\n PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END >> 12\n );\n crate::process::init();\n crate::timer::init();\n crate::process::run();\n loop {}\n}\n\nmake run 一下,终于可以看到结果了!\n这里开始就已经没有确定性的运行显示结果了,一个参考结果如下:\n\n[success] 线程调度成功\n++++ setup interrupt! ++++\nswitch satp from 0x8000000000080221 to 0x8000000000080a37\n++++ setup memory! ++++\n++++ setup process! ++++\n++++ setup timer! ++++\n\n>>>> will switch_to thread 0 in idie_main!\nbegin of thread 0\n0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000\n000000000000\n>>> will switch_to thread 1 in idie_main!\nbegin of thread 1\n1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111\n1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111\n1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111\n1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111\n1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111\n1111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111\n11111111111111111111111\n\n\n我们可以清楚的看到在每一个时间片内每个线程所做的事情。\n如果结果不对的话,这里可以看到至今的所有代码。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter7/part5.html":{"url":"chapter7/part5.html","title":"总结与展望","keywords":"","body":"总结与展望\n这一章我们介绍了如何借助时钟中断实现周期性的线程调度,合理分配 CPU 资源给每个线程。\n我们在后台运行一个内核线程 idle 来进行线程的调度。需要尤其注意异步中断的屏蔽与恢复。\n不过,目前为止我们所涉及到的线程全都是所谓的内核线程,它们共享内核(进程)的资源,也即经过重映射之后的虚拟内存空间。当然,每个线程都有仅属于它们自己的一个内核栈。\n下一章,我们考虑编写并在我们的内核上运行用户态程序。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter8/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter8/introduction.html","title":"第八章:进程","keywords":"","body":"用户进程\n这一章我们终于要在自己的内核上跑用户程序啦!\n本章你将会学到:\n\n使用系统调用为用户程序提供服务\n解析 ELF 格式的用户程序\n为用户程序创建虚拟内存空间\n创建并运行进程\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter8/part1.html":{"url":"chapter8/part1.html","title":"编写用户程序","keywords":"","body":"编写用户程序\n\n代码\n\n本节的工作很类似第一章第四节移除 runtime 依赖的工作,但区别是,第一章第四节移除 runtime 依赖是要完全移除对 runtime 的需求,以构造 OS;而本节需要实现一个支持 U Mode 应用程序的最小 runti m e,这个 runtime 仅仅需要支持很少系统调用访问和基本的动态内存分配。虽然有区别,很多本节很多代码都可以直接参考第一章第四节移除 runtime 依赖的设计思路和代码。\n我们的用户程序一般在 CPU 的用户态 (U Mode) 下执行,而它只能通过执行 ecall 指令,触发 Environment call from U-mode 异常 l 来发出系统服务请求,此时 CPU 进入内核态 (S Mode) ,OS 通过中断服务例程收到请求,执行相应内核服务,并返回到 U Mode。\n这一章中,简单起见,内核和用户程序约定两个系统调用\n\n在屏幕上输出一个字符,系统调用 id=64\\text{id}=64id=64\n退出用户线程,系统调用 id=97\\text{id}=97id=97\n\n创建用户程序模板\n我们的内核能给程序提供的唯一支持就是两个简单的系统调用。\n所以我们的用户程序基本还是要使用前两章的方法,不同的则是要把系统调用加入进去。\n创建 usr 目录,并在 usr 目录下使用 Cargo 新建一个二进制项目,再删除掉默认生成的 usr/rust/src/main.rs 。\n$ mkdir usr; cd usr\n$ cargo new rust --bin\n$ rm usr/rust/src/main.rs\n\n加上工具链\n// usr/rust/rust-toolchain\nnightly\n\n建立最小 Runtime 系统\n访问系统调用\n我们先来看访问系统调用的实现:\n// usr/rust/src/syscall.rs\n\nenum SyscallId {\n Write = 64,\n Exit = 93,\n}\n\n#[inline(always)]\nfn sys_call(\n syscall_id: SyscallId,\n arg0: usize,\n arg1: usize,\n arg2: usize,\n arg3: usize,\n) -> i64 {\n let id = syscall_id as usize;\n let mut ret: i64;\n unsafe {\n asm!(\n \"ecall\"\n : \"={x10}\"(ret)\n : \"{x17}\"(id), \"{x10}\"(arg0), \"{x11}\"(arg1), \"{x12}\"(arg2), \"{x13}\"(arg3)\n : \"memory\"\n : \"volatile\"\n );\n }\n ret\n}\n\npub fn sys_write(ch: u8) -> i64 {\n sys_call(SyscallId::Write, ch as usize, 0, 0, 0)\n}\n\npub fn sys_exit(code: usize) -> ! {\n sys_call(SyscallId::Exit, code, 0, 0, 0);\n loop {}\n}\n\n看起来很像内核中 src/sbi.rs 获取 OpenSBI 服务的代码对不对?其实内核中是在 S Mode 去获取 OpenSBI 提供的 M Mode 服务;这里是用户程序在 U Mode 去获取内核提供的 S Mode 服务。所以看起来几乎一模一样。\n相信内核会给我们提供这两项服务,我们可在用户程序中放心的调用 sys_write, sys_exit 两函数了!\n格式化输出\n接着是一些我们在构建最小化内核时用到的代码,有一些变动,但这里不多加赘述。\n格式化输出代码:\n// usr/rust/src/io.rs\n\nuse crate::syscall::sys_write;\nuse core::fmt::{self, Write};\n\npub fn putchar(ch: char) {\n // 这里 OpenSBI 提供的 console_putchar 不存在了\n // 然而我们有了新的依靠:sys_write\n sys_write(ch as u8);\n}\n//其他部分与os/src/io.rs 一样\n......\n\n语义项支持\n语义项代码:\n// usr/rust/src/lang_items.rs\n......\nuse crate::DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR;\n// 初始化用户堆,用于U Mode中动态内存分配\nfn init_heap() {\n const HEAP_SIZE: usize = 0x1000;\n static mut HEAP: [u8; HEAP_SIZE] = [0; HEAP_SIZE];\n unsafe {\n DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR.lock().init(HEAP.as_ptr() as usize, HEAP_SIZE);\n }\n}\n\n#[panic_handler]\nfn panic(_info: &PanicInfo) -> ! {\n let location = _info.location().unwrap();\n let message = _info.message().unwrap();\n println!(\n \"\\nPANIC in {} at line {} \\n\\t{}\",\n location.file(),\n location.line(),\n message\n );\n loop {}\n}\n\n// 这里是程序入口\n// 调用 main 函数,并利用 sys_exit 系统调用退出\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn _start(_args: isize, _argv: *const u8) -> ! {\n init_heap();\n sys_exit(main())\n}\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern fn abort() {\n panic!(\"abort\");\n}\n\n#[lang = \"oom\"]\nfn oom(_: Layout) -> ! {\n panic!(\"out of memory!\");\n}\n\n看起来很像内核中 src/lang_item.rs 获取 OpenSBI 服务的代码对不对?其实内核中是在 S Mode 去获取 OpenSBI 提供的 M Mode 服务;这里是用户程序在 U Mode 去获取内核提供的 S Mode 服务。所以看起来几乎一模一样。\n形成 runtime lib\n还有 lib.rs:\n// usr/rust/Cargo.toml\n\n[dependencies]\nbuddy_system_allocator = \"0.3\"\n\n// usr/rust/src/lib.rs\n\n#![no_std]\n#![feature(asm)]\n#![feature(lang_items)]\n#![feature(panic_info_message)]\n#![feature(linkage)]\n\nextern crate alloc;\n\n#[macro_use]\npub mod io;\n\npub mod syscall;\npub mod lang_items;\n\nuse buddy_system_allocator::LockedHeap;\n\n#[global_allocator]\nstatic DYNAMIC_ALLOCATOR: LockedHeap = LockedHeap::empty();\n\n应用程序模板\n现在我们可以将每一个含有 main 函数的 Rust 源代码放在 usr/rust/src/bin 目录下。它们每一个都会被编译成一个独立的可执行文件。\n其模板为:\n// usr/rust/src/bin/model.rs\n\n#![no_std]\n#![no_main]\n\nextern crate alloc;\n\n#[macro_use]\nextern crate user;\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub fn main() -> usize {\n 0\n}\n\n这里返回的那个值即为程序最终的返回值。\nHello World 应用程序\n基于上述应用程序模板,我们可以实现一个最简单的Hello World程序:\n// usr/rust/src/bin/hello_world.rs\n\n#![no_std]\n#![no_main]\n\nextern crate alloc;\n\n#[macro_use]\nextern crate user;\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub fn main() -> usize {\n for _ in 0..10 {\n println!(\"Hello world! from user mode program!\");\n }\n 0\n}\n\n和内核项目一样,这里也创建一个 .cargo/config 文件指定默认的目标三元组。但这次我们就不用自定义链接脚本了,用默认的即可。\n# .cargo/config\n\n[build]\ntarget = \"riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf\"\n\n切换到 usr/rust 目录,就可以进行交叉编译:\n$ cargo build\n\n我们将能够在 usr/rust/target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/hello_world 看到我们编译出来的可执行文件,接下来的问题就是如何把它加载到内核中执行了!\n目前的代码可以在这里找到。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter8/part2.html":{"url":"chapter8/part2.html","title":"在内核中实现系统调用","keywords":"","body":"在内核中实现系统调用\n\n代码\n\n上一节中描述的Hello World应用程序会发出两个系统调用请求,我们的 OS 当然也就需要实现这两个系统调用:\n\n在屏幕上输出一个字符\n结束运行,退出当前线程\n\n改进中断服务例程\n这些功能其实我们的内核都已经实现完毕,因此重点是将系统调用这条调用链建立起来。\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub fn rust_trap(tf: &mut TrapFrame) {\n match tf.scause.cause() {\n ...\n Trap::Exception(Exception::UserEnvCall) => syscall(tf),\n ...\n }\n}\n\n首先是发现中断原因是在用户态执行 ecall 指令时,说明用户程序向我们请求服务,我们转入 syscall 函数。\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\nfn syscall(tf: &mut TrapFrame) {\n // 返回后跳转到 ecall 下一条指令\n tf.sepc += 4;\n let ret = crate::syscall::syscall(\n tf.x[17],\n [tf.x[10], tf.x[11], tf.x[12]],\n tf\n );\n tf.x[10] = ret as usize;\n}\n\n我们从中断帧中取出中断之前的寄存器 a7,a0,a1,a2a_7,a_0,a_1,a_2a​7​​,a​0​​,a​1​​,a​2​​ 的值,分别表示 syscall id 以及传入的参数。这是通过用户态的内联汇编 ecall 传给我们的。\n添加 syscall 处理\n我们将系统调用单开一个模块来实现:\n// src/syscall.rs\n\nuse crate::context::TrapFrame;\nuse crate::process;\n\npub const SYS_WRITE: usize = 64;\npub const SYS_EXIT: usize = 93;\n\npub fn syscall(id: usize, args: [usize; 3], tf: &mut TrapFrame) -> isize {\n match id {\n SYS_WRITE => {\n print!(\"{}\", args[0] as u8 as char);\n 0\n },\n SYS_EXIT => {\n sys_exit(args[0]);\n 0\n },\n _ => {\n panic!(\"unknown syscall id {}\", id);\n },\n }\n}\n\nfn sys_exit(code: usize) {\n process::exit(code);\n}\n\n不必花太多功夫,我们就在内核中支持了两个系统调用!\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter8/part3.html":{"url":"chapter8/part3.html","title":"创建虚拟内存空间","keywords":"","body":"创建虚拟内存空间\n\n代码\n\nELF 文件解析与内存空间创建\n为了能让用户程序运行起来,内核首先要给它分配用户内存空间,即创建一个虚拟内存空间供它使用。由于用户程序要通过中断访问内核的代码,因此它所在的虚拟内存空间必须也包含内核的各代码段和数据段。\nELF 文件与只含有代码和数据的纯二进制文件不同,需要我们手动去解析它的文件结构来获得各段的信息。所幸的是, rust 已经有 crate xmas-elf帮我们实现了这一点。\n\n[info]ELF 执行文件格式\nELF(Executable and Linking Format)文件格式是 Linux 系统下的一种常用目标文件(object file)格式,有三种主要类型,我们主要关注的是用于执行的可执行文件(Executable File)类型,它提供了程序的可执行代码/数据内容,加载的内存空间布局描述等。 这也是本实验的 OS 和应用的执行文件类型。可参考ELF 描述进一步了解相关信息。\n\n对 ELF 文件解析与内存空间创建的处理,需要解析出 ELF 文件中的关键的段(如 code 段、data 段、BSS 段等),并把段的内容拷贝到段设定的地址中,设置好相关属性。这需要对虚拟内存相关的MemorySet 和 MemoryArea 的相关实现进行扩展。具体修改如下:\n解析 ELF 文件\n// src/process/structs.rs\ntrait ElfExt {\n fn make_memory_set(&self) -> MemorySet;\n}\n// 给一个用户程序的ELF可执行文件创建虚拟内存空间\nimpl ElfExt for ElfFile {\n fn make_memory_set(&self) -> MemorySet {\n // MemorySet::new()的实现中已经映射了内核各数据、代码段,以及物理内存段\n // 于是我们只需接下来映射用户程序各段即可\n let mut memory_set = MemorySet::new();\n for ph in self.program_iter() {\n // 遍历各段并依次尝试插入 memory_set\n if ph.get_type() != Ok(Type::Load) {\n continue;\n }\n let vaddr = ph.virtual_addr() as usize;\n let mem_size = ph.mem_size() as usize;\n let data = match ph.get_data(self).unwrap() {\n SegmentData::Undefined(data) => data,\n _ => unreachable!(),\n };\n // 这里在插入一个 MemoryArea 时还需要复制数据\n // 所以我们将 MemorySet 的接口略作修改,最后一个参数为数据源\n memory_set.push(\n vaddr, vaddr + mem_size,\n ph.flags().to_attr(), //将elf段的标志转化为我们熟悉的 MemoryAttr\n ByFrame::new(),\n Some((data.as_ptr() as usize, data.len())),\n );\n }\n memory_set\n }\n}\n......\n\n 建立对应的虚拟内存空间\n我们对 MemorySet 和 MemoryArea 的接口略作修改:\n// src/memory/memory_set/mod.rs\nimpl MemorySet {\n ...\n pub fn push(&mut self, start: usize, end: usize, attr: MemoryAttr, handler: impl MemoryHandler, data: Option) {\n ...\n let area = MemoryArea::new(start, end, Box::new(handler), attr);\n // 首先进行映射\n area.map(&mut self.page_table);\n if let Some((src, length)) = data {\n // 如果传入了数据源\n // 交给 area 进行复制\n area.page_copy(&mut self.page_table, src, length);\n }\n self.areas.push(area);\n }\n ......\n\n// src/memory/memory_set/area.rs\nimpl MemoryArea {\n ...\n pub fn page_copy(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, src: usize, length: usize) {\n let mut l = length;\n let mut s = src;\n for page in PageRange::new(self.start, self.end) {\n // 交给 MemoryHandler 逐页进行复制\n self.handler.page_copy(pt, page, s, l...);\n s += PAGE_SIZE;\n if l >= PAGE_SIZE { l -= PAGE_SIZE; }\n }\n ......\n// src/memory/memory_set/handler.rs\npub trait MemoryHandler: Debug + 'static {\n ...\n fn page_copy(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, va: usize, src: usize, length: usize);\n}\n\nimpl MemoryHandler for Linear {\n ...\n fn page_copy(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, va: usize, src: usize, length: usize) {\n let pa = pt.get_entry(va)...;\n unsafe {\n let dst = core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(va...);\n if length > 0 {\n let src = core::slice::from_raw_parts(src...);\n for i in 0..length { dst[i] = src[i]; }\n }\n for i in length..PAGE_SIZE { dst[i] = 0; }\n }\n }\n}\n\nimpl MemoryHandler for ByFrame {\n ...\n fn page_copy(&self, pt: &mut PageTableImpl, va: usize, src: usize, length: usize) {\n //类似fn page_copy() in mpl MemoryHandler for Linear\n ......\n}\n\n// src/memory/paging.rs\n// 这里有两处要改成 pub ,其他不必做改动\npub struct PageEntry(pub &'static mut PageTableEntry, Page);\n\nimpl PageTableImpl {\n ...\n pub fn get_entry(&mut self, va: usize) -> Option {\n let page = Page::of_addr(VirtAddr::new(va));\n if let Ok(e) = self.page_table.ref_entry(page.clone()) {\n let e = unsafe { &mut *(e as *mut PageTableEntry) };\n self.entry = Some(PageEntry(e, page));\n Some(self.entry.as_mut().unwrap())\n }\n else {\n None\n }\n }\n ...\n}\n\n由于 MemorySet::push 的接口发生的变化,我们要将 ElfExt::make_memory_set 之外的所有 push 调用最后均加上一个 None 参数。\n现在我们就可以从 ElfFile 创建用户程序的虚拟内存空间了。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter8/part4.html":{"url":"chapter8/part4.html","title":"创建进程","keywords":"","body":"创建并运行进程\n\n代码\n\n我们已经能建立应用程序了,内核也能够为应用程序建立用户态虚拟内存空间了。那离在自己的内核上跑运行在用户态的应用程序还缺啥?其实我们到了最后一步--创建进程!\n\n[info]线程与进程进阶\n我们在第六章内核线开始部分简单介绍过进程,线程,以及二者的关系。现在要在 OS 中创建进程了,当然需要对进程有进一步的深入了解。\n进程表示正在运行程序,包括代码,数据,堆和栈。在大多数的进程实现中(但并非总是如此),每个进程都有自己的虚拟地址空间(即,自己的逻辑地址到物理内存的映射)和自己的系统资源集(如文件,环境变量等)。每个进程都有多个线程是很普遍的。这样,就有一个进程来维护地址空间,并有多个线程来控制进程的执行。\n线程是进程的控制流程。线程可以是“用户级别”(即进程处理自身内的多个线程,不用 OS 知道与参与)或“内核级别”(即通过 OS 的调度程序来调度多个线程。忘了?回忆一下第七章线程调度)。来自同一进程的两个线程自然会共享相同的代码和全局数据以及进程的系统资源,但是会具有不同的堆栈。以使它们不会干扰彼此的局部变量,并且可能具有自己的函数调用链。\n代表进程控制流程的线程一般在用户模式(RISC-V 的 U Mode)下运行。当需要操作系统服务时,线程会执行系统服务请求命令,从而从用户模式切换到了内核模式(RISC-V 的 S Mode),由 OS 进行完成服务后,再返回到用户模式让线程继续执行。由于 OS 要应对不同线程的请求,所以在内核中,需要为每个线程准备好一个内核模式下的栈。所以在用户模式下的线程(简称用户线程)需要有两个栈(用户模式栈和内核模式栈)。\n\n用户线程\n创建用户线程主体\n用户线程的指令流来自于应用程序的代码段,全局变量等数据来自应用程序的数据段,所以需要解析应用程序 ELF 执行文件的内容,获取这些内容,并放到页表项 USER 位属性都是1的虚拟内存空间中(上一节就是干的这个事情,现在只需调用一下即可)。然后再创建用户模式栈和内核模式栈(注意,虽然都是内存,但它们的页表项的 USER 位属性是不同的)。\n// src/process/structs.rs\n\nimpl Thread {\n // 新建内核线程\n // 传入参数为链接在内核中的用户程序\n pub unsafe fn new_user(data: &[u8]) -> Box {\n // 确认合法性\n let elf = ElfFile::new(data).expect(\"failed to analyse elf!\");\n\n match elf.header.pt2.type_().as_type() {\n header::Type::Executable => {\n println!(\"it really a executable!\");\n },\n header::Type::SharedObject => {\n panic!(\"shared object is not supported!\");\n },\n _ => {\n panic!(\"unsupported elf type!\");\n }\n }\n // 获取入口点\n let entry_addr = elf.header.pt2.entry_point() as usize;\n // 为用户程序创建新的虚拟内存空间\n let mut vm = elf.make_memory_set();\n\n // 创建用户栈\n let mut ustack_top = {\n // 这里我们将用户栈固定在虚拟内存空间中的某位置\n let (ustack_bottom, ustack_top) = (USER_STACK_OFFSET, USER_STACK_OFFSET + USER_STACK_SIZE);\n // 将用户栈插入虚拟内存空间\n vm.push(\n ustack_bottom,\n ustack_top,\n // 注意这里设置为用户态\n MemoryAttr::new().set_user(),\n ByFrame::new(),\n None,\n );\n ustack_top\n };\n\n // 创建内核栈\n let kstack = KernelStack::new();\n\n Box::new(\n Thread {\n context: Context::new_user_thread(entry_addr, ustack_top, kstack.top(), vm.token()),\n kstack: kstack,\n }\n )\n }\n}\n\n// src/consts.rs\n\npub const USER_STACK_SIZE: usize = 0x80000;\npub const USER_STACK_OFFSET: usize = 0xffffffff00000000;\n\n现在大概可以理解用户线程为何在中断时要从用户栈切换到内核栈了。如果不切换,内核的处理过程会留在用户栈上,使用用户程序可能访问到,这显然是很危险的。\n初始化内核栈\n用跟内核线程一样的方法进行线程栈上内容的初始化,注意切换过程总是在内核态执行的(无论是切换到 idle ,还是切换回来),因此栈上的内容要压到内核栈上。但是通过 __trapret 返回时却要将 sp\\text{sp}sp 设置为用户栈。\n// src/context.rs\n\nimpl Context {\n ...\n pub unsafe fn new_user_thread(\n entry: usize,\n ustack_top: usize,\n kstack_top: usize,\n satp: usize\n ) -> Self {\n // 压到内核栈\n ContextContent::new_user_thread(entry, ustack_top, satp).push_at(kstack_top)\n }\n}\n\nimpl ContextContent {\n fn new_user_thread(\n entry: usize,\n ustack_top: usize,\n satp: usize\n ) -> Self {\n ContextContent {\n ra: __trapret as usize,\n satp,\n s: [0; 12],\n tf: {\n let mut tf: TrapFrame = unsafe { zeroed() };\n // 利用 __trapret 返回后设置为用户栈\n tf.x[2] = ustack_top;\n // 设置 sepc 从而在 sret 之后跳转到用户程序入口点\n tf.sepc = entry;\n tf.sstatus = sstatus::read();\n tf.sstatus.set_spie(true);\n tf.sstatus.set_sie(false);\n // 设置 sstatus 的 spp 字段为 User\n // 从而在 sret 之后 CPU 的特权级将变为 U Mode\n tf.sstatus.set_spp(sstatus::SPP::User);\n tf\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\n现在我们的用户线程就创建完毕了。我们赶快把它跟我们之前创建的那些内核线程一起运行一下吧。\n 创建用户线程\n在创建完 555 个内核线程之后,我们创建自己的用户线程:\n// src/process/mod.rs\n\npub fn init() {\n ...\n extern \"C\" {\n fn _user_img_start();\n fn _user_img_end();\n }\n let data = unsafe {\n core::slice::from_raw_parts(\n _user_img_start as *const u8,\n _user_img_end as usize - _user_img_start as usize,\n )\n };\n let user_thread = unsafe { Thread::new_user(data) };\n CPU.add_thread(user_thread);\n ...\n}\n\n同时,我们要修改一下构建内核的 Makefile ,将用户程序链接进去,用之前提到的方法:\n# Makefile\n...\n.PHONY: kernel build clean qemu run\n\n# 新增\nexport USER_IMG = usr/rust/target/riscv64-rust/debug/hello_world\n\nkernel:\n @cargo xbuild --target $(target).json\n...\n\n现在我们 make run 运行一下试试看,发现内核线程与用户线程能够在一起很好的工作了!\n$ make run\n......\n>>> will switch_to thread 5 in idle_main!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nHello world! from user mode program!\nthread 5 exited, exit code = 0\n\n\n至今为止的所有代码可以在这里找到。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter8/part5.html":{"url":"chapter8/part5.html","title":"总结与展望","keywords":"","body":"总结与展望\n这一章我们成功在内核上跑起来了我们自己的用户程序!\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter9/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter9/introduction.html","title":"第九章:文件系统","keywords":"","body":"第九章:文件系统\n本章概要\n之前我们只能在内核代码中硬编码跑什么用户程序,现在我们实现一个简单的终端,可以由我们自己输入跑什么程序!这说明我们要同时将多个程序组成的镜像链接进内核,于是我们使用文件系统来打包镜像,在内核中解析镜像取出单个用户程序。\n本章你将会学到:\n\n为文件系统开发最简单的设备驱动\n如何实现线程的阻塞与唤醒\n用缓冲区描述标准输入,并利用线程阻塞提高 CPU 利用率\n实现用户态终端程序\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter9/part1.html":{"url":"chapter9/part1.html","title":"使用文件系统","keywords":"","body":"使用文件系统\n\n代码\n\n打包磁盘文件\n首先我们将所有编译出来的用户程序放在 usr/build/riscv64/rust 文件夹下,并将 usr/build/riscv64 文件夹里面的内容使用 rcore-fs-fuse工具 打包成一个磁盘文件,由于选用不同的文件系统磁盘文件的布局会不同,我们这里选用一个简单的文件系统 SimpleFileSystem(简称SFS)。\n磁盘文件布局为:里面只有一个 rust 文件夹,里面放着若干用户程序。\n我们写一个 Makefile 来完成编译及打包操作:\n# usr/Makefile\n\ntarget := riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf\nmode := debug\nrust_src_dir := rust/src/bin\nrust_target_dir := rust/target/$(target)/$(mode)\nrust_srcs := $(wildcard $(rust_src_dir)/*.rs)\nrust_targets := $(patsubst $(rust_src_dir)/%.rs, $(rust_target_dir)/%, $(rust_srcs))\nout_dir := build/riscv64\nsfsimg := build/riscv64.img\n.PHONY: rcore-fs-fuse rust user_img clean\n\nrcore-fs-fuse:\nifeq ($(shell which rcore-fs-fuse),)\n @echo Installing rcore-fs-fuse\n @cargo install rcore-fs-fuse --git https://github.com/rcore-os/rcore-fs --rev d8d6119\nendif\n\nrust:\n @cd rust && cargo build\n @echo targets includes $(rust_targets)\n @rm -rf $(out_dir)/rust && mkdir -p $(out_dir)/rust\n @rm -f $(sfsimg)\n @cp $(rust_targets) $(out_dir)/rust\n\n$(sfsimg): rcore-fs-fuse rust\n @rcore-fs-fuse --fs sfs $@ $(out_dir) zip\n\nuser_img: $(sfsimg)\n\nclean:\n @rm -rf build/\n\n上面的脚本如没理解,没有关系,只要我们知道使用 make user_img 即可将磁盘打包到 usr/build/riscv64.img 。\n随后,将内核的 Makefile 中链接的文件从原来的可执行改为现在的磁盘镜像,这样就可以把 OS 和riscv64.img文件系统合并在一起了。\n# Makefile\n\n# export USER_IMG = usr/rust/target/riscv64imac-unknown-none-elf/debug/hello_world\n# 改成:\nexport USER_IMG = usr/build/riscv64.img\n\n实现磁盘设备驱动\n首先引入 rust 文件系统的 crate :\n// Cargo.toml\n\nrcore-fs = { git = \"https://github.com/rcore-os/rcore-fs\", rev = \"d8d61190\" }\nrcore-fs-sfs = { git = \"https://github.com/rcore-os/rcore-fs\", rev = \"d8d61190\" }\n\n我们知道文件系统需要用到块设备驱动来控制底层的块设备(比如磁盘等)。但是这里我们还是简单暴力的将磁盘直接链接到内核中,因此这里的磁盘设备其实就是一段内存模拟的。这可比实现真实磁盘驱动要简单多了!但是,我们还是需要按照Device接口read_at、write_at和sync去实现。\n// src/fs/device.rs\npub struct MemBuf(RwLock); //一块用于模拟磁盘的内存\nimpl MemBuf {\n // 初始化参数为磁盘的头尾虚拟地址\n pub unsafe fn new(begin: usize, end: usize) -> Self {\n use core::slice;\n MemBuf(\n // 我们使用读写锁\n // 可以有多个线程同时获取 & 读\n // 但是一旦有线程获取 &mut 写,那么其他所有线程都将被阻塞\n RwLock::new(\n slice::from_raw_parts_mut( begin as *mut u8, end - begin)))\n ...\n\n// 作为文件系统所用的设备驱动,只需实现下面三个接口\n// 而在设备实际上是内存的情况下,实现变的极其简单\nimpl Device for MemBuf {\n fn read_at(&self, offset: usize, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result {\n let slice = self.0.read();\n let len = buf.len().min(slice.len() - offset);\n buf[..len].copy_from_slice(&slice[offset..offset + len]);\n Ok(len)\n }\n fn write_at(&self, offset: usize, buf: &[u8]) -> Result {\n let mut slice = self.0.write();\n let len = buf.len().min(slice.len() - offset);\n slice[offset..offset + len].copy_from_slice(&buf[..len]);\n Ok(len)\n }\n fn sync(&self) -> Result {\n Ok(())\n }\n}\n\n打开 SFS 文件系统\n在运行 OS 之前,我们已经通过rcore-fs-fuse工具 把包含用户程序的多个文件打包成一个 SimpleFileSystem格式的磁盘文件riscv64.img。bootloader 启动后,把 OS 和 riscv64.img 加载到内存中了。在初始化阶段,OS 为了能够读取riscv64.img,需要使用rcore_fs_sfs::SimpleFileSystem::open(device)方法打开磁盘并进行初始化,这样后续就可以读取文件系统中的目录和文件了。\n// src/fs/mod.rs\nlazy_static! {\n pub static ref ROOT_INODE: Arc = {\n // 创建内存模拟的\"磁盘\"设备\n let device = {\n ...\n let start = _user_img_start as usize;\n let end = _user_img_end as usize;\n Arc::new(unsafe { device::MemBuf::new(start, end) })\n };\n // 由于我们在打包磁盘文件时就使用 SimpleFileSystem\n // 所以我们必须使用简单文件系统 SimpleFileSystem 打开该设备进行初始化\n let sfs = SimpleFileSystem::open(device).expect(\"failed to open SFS\");\n // 返回该文件系统的根 INode\n sfs.root_inode()\n };\n}\n\npub trait INodeExt {\n fn read_as_vec(&self) -> Result>;\n}\n\nimpl INodeExt for dyn INode {\n // 将这个 INode 对应的文件读取到一个数组中\n fn read_as_vec(&self) -> Result> {\n let size = self.metadata()?.size;\n let mut buf = Vec::with_capacity(size);\n unsafe { buf.set_len(size); //??? }\n self.read_at(0, buf.as_mut_slice())?;\n Ok(buf)\n }\n}\n\npub fn init() {\n println!(\"available programs in rust/ are:\");\n let mut id = 0;\n // 查找 rust 文件夹并返回其对应的 INode\n let mut rust_dir = ROOT_INODE.lookup(\"rust\").unwrap();\n // 遍历里面的文件并输出\n // 实际上打印了所有 rust 目录下的用户程序\n while let Ok(name) = rust_dir.get_entry(id) {\n id += 1;\n println!(\" {}\", name);\n }\n println!(\"++++ setup fs! ++++\")\n}\n\n\n[info]lazy_static! 宏\n这里的 lazy_static! 宏指的是等到实际用到的时候再对里面的全局变量进行初始化,而非在编译时初始化。\n这通常用于不可变的某全局变量初始化依赖于运行时的某些东西,故在编译时无法初始化;但是若在运行时修改它的值起到初始化的效果,那么由于它发生了变化不得不将其声明为 static mut,众所周知这是 unsafe 的,即使不会出问题也很不优雅。在这种情况下,使用 lazy_static! 就是一种较为理想的方案。\n\n加载并运行用户程序\n那么现在我们就可以用另一种方式加载用户程序了!\n// src/process/mod.rs\n\nuse crate::fs::{\n ROOT_INODE,\n INodeExt\n};\n\npub fn init() {\n ...\n let data = ROOT_INODE\n .lookup(\"rust/hello_world\")\n .unwrap()\n .read_as_vec()\n .unwrap();\n let user_thread = unsafe { Thread::new_user(data.as_slice()) };\n CPU.add_thread(user_thread);\n ...\n}\n\n当然,别忘了在这之前初始化文件系统!\n// src/init.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n crate::interrupt::init();\n\n extern \"C\" {\n fn end();\n }\n crate::memory::init(\n ((end as usize - KERNEL_BEGIN_VADDR + KERNEL_BEGIN_PADDR) >> 12) + 1,\n PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END >> 12\n );\n crate::fs::init();\n crate::process::init();\n crate::timer::init();\n crate::process::run();\n loop {}\n}\n\n我们使用 make run 运行一下,可以发现程序的运行结果与上一节一致。\n如果运行有问题的话,可以在这里找到代码。\n只不过,我们从文件系统解析出要执行的程序。我们可以看到 rust 文件夹下打包了哪些用户程序:\n\n[success] 磁盘打包与解析\navailable programs in rust/ are:\n .\n ..\n model\n hello_world\n\n\n但是现在问题在于我们运行什么程序是硬编码到内核中的。我们能不能实现一个交互式的终端,告诉内核我们想要运行哪个程序呢?接下来我们就来做这件事情!\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter9/part2.html":{"url":"chapter9/part2.html","title":"实现记事本","keywords":"","body":"实现记事本\n\n代码\n\n为了实现上节中交互式终端的目标,先不管运行程序,我们首先要能够通过键盘向终端程序中输入。也就是说,我们要实现一个用户程序,它能够接受键盘的输入,并将键盘输入的字符显示在屏幕上。这不能叫一个终端,姑且叫它记事本吧。\n这个用户程序需要的功能是:接受键盘输入(可以被称为“标准输入”)的一个字符。\n为此我们需约定这样一个系统调用:\n\n文件读入,系统调用 id=63\\text{id}=63id=63\n\n我们先在用户程序模板中声明该系统调用:\n// usr/rust/src/syscall.rs\n\nenum SyscallId {\n Read = 63,\n}\n\npub fn sys_read(fd: usize, base: *const u8, len: usize) -> i64 {\n sys_call(SyscallId::Read, fd, base as usize, len, 0)\n}\n\n这里的系统调用接口设计上是一个记事本所需功能更强的文件读入:传入的参数中,fd 表示文件描述符,base 表示要将读入的内容保存到的虚拟地址,len 表示最多读入多少字节。其返回值是成功读入的字节数。\n方便起见,我们还是将这个系统调用封装一下来实现我们所需的功能。\n// usr/rust/src/io.rs\n\nuse crate::syscall::sys_read;\n\n// 每个进程默认打开三个文件\n// 标准输入 stdin fd = 0\n// 标准输出 stdout fd = 1\n// 标准错误输出 stderr fd = 2\npub const STDIN: usize = 0;\n\n// 调用 sys_read 从标准输入读入一个字符\npub fn getc() -> u8 {\n let mut c = 0u8;\n assert_eq!(sys_read(STDIN, &mut c, 1), 1);\n c\n}\n\n接下来我们可以利用 getc 着手实现我们的记事本了!\n// usr/rust/src/bin/notebook.rs\n\n#![no_std]\n#![no_main]\n\n#[macro_use]\nextern crate user;\n\nuse rust::io::getc;\n\nconst LF: u8 = 0x0au8;\nconst CR: u8 = 0x0du8;\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub fn main() {\n println!(\"Welcome to notebook!\");\n loop {\n let c = getc();\n match c {\n LF | CR => {\n print!(\"{}\", LF as char);\n print!(\"{}\", CR as char)\n }\n _ => print!(\"{}\", c as char)\n }\n }\n}\n\n很简单,就是将接受到的字符打印到屏幕上。\n看一下 getc 的实现,我们满怀信心 sys_read 的返回值是 111 ,也就是确保一定能够读到字符。不过真的是这样吗?\n缓冲区\n实际上,我们用一个缓冲区来表示标准输入。你可以将其看作一个字符队列。\n\n键盘是生产者:每当你按下键盘,所对应的字符会加入队尾;\nsys_read 是消费者:每当调用 sys_read 函数,会将队头的字符取出,并返回。\n\n在 sys_read 的时候,如果队列不是空的,那么一切都好;如果队列是空的,由于它要保证能够读到字符,因此它只能够等到什么时候队列中加入了新的元素再返回。\n而这里的“等”,又有两种等法:\n最简单的等法是:在原地 while (q.empty()) {} 。也就是知道队列非空才跳出循环,取出队头的字符并返回。\n另一种方法是:当 sys_read 发现队列是空的时候,自动放弃 CPU 资源进入睡眠(或称阻塞)状态,也就是从调度单元中移除当前所在线程,不再参与调度。而等到某时刻按下键盘的时候,发现有个线程在等着这个队列非空,于是赶快将它唤醒,重新加入调度单元,等待 CPU 资源分配过来继续执行。\n后者相比前者的好处在于:前者占用了 CPU 资源却不干活,只是在原地等着;而后者虽然也没法干活,却很有自知之明的把 CPU 资源让给其他线程使用,这样就提高了 CPU 的利用率。\n我们就使用后者来实现 sys_read 。\n条件变量\n这种线程将 CPU 资源放弃,并等到某个条件满足才准备继续运行的机制,可以使用条件变量 (Condition Variable) 来描述。而它的实现,需要依赖几个新的线程调度机制。\n// src/process/mod.rs\n\n// 当前线程自动放弃 CPU 资源并进入阻塞状态\n// 线程状态: Running(Tid) -> Sleeping\npub fn yield_now() {\n CPU.yield_now();\n}\n// 某些条件满足,线程等待 CPU 资源从而继续执行\n// 线程状态: Sleeping -> Ready\npub fn wake_up(tid: Tid) {\n CPU.wake_up(tid);\n}\n// 获取当前线程的 Tid\npub fn current_tid() -> usize {\n CPU.current_tid()\n}\n\n// src/process/processor.rs\n\nimpl Processor {\n ...\n pub fn yield_now(&self) {\n let inner = self.inner();\n if !inner.current.is_none() {\n unsafe {\n // 由于要进入 idle 线程,必须关闭异步中断\n // 手动保存之前的 sstatus\n let flags = disable_and_store();\n let tid = inner.current.as_mut().unwrap().0;\n let thread_info = inner.pool.threads[tid].as_mut().expect(\"thread not existed when yielding\");\n // 修改线程状态\n thread_info.status = Status::Sleeping;\n // 切换到 idle 线程\n inner.current\n .as_mut()\n .unwrap()\n .1\n .switch_to(&mut *inner.idle);\n\n // 从 idle 线程切换回来\n // 恢复 sstatus\n restore(flags);\n }\n }\n }\n\n pub fn wake_up(&self, tid: Tid) {\n let inner = self.inner();\n inner.pool.wakeup(tid);\n }\n\n pub fn current_tid(&self) -> usize {\n self.inner().current.as_mut().unwrap().0 as usize\n }\n}\n\n// src/process/thread_pool.rs\n\n// 改成 public\npub struct ThreadInfo {\n // 改成 public\n pub status: Status,\n pub thread: Option>,\n}\n\npub struct ThreadPool {\n // 改成 public\n pub threads: Vec>,\n scheduler: Box,\n}\n\nimpl ThreadPool {\n ...\n pub fn wakeup(&mut self, tid: Tid) {\n let proc = self.threads[tid].as_mut().expect(\"thread not exist when waking up\");\n proc.status = Status::Ready;\n self.scheduler.push(tid);\n }\n}\n\n下面我们用这几种线程调度机制来实现条件变量。\n// src/lib.rs\n\nmod sync;\n\n// src/sync/mod.rs\n\npub mod condvar;\n\n// src/sync/condvar.rs\n\nuse spin::Mutex;\nuse alloc::collections::VecDeque;\nuse crate::process::{ Tid, current_tid, yield_now, wake_up };\n\n#[derive(Default)]\npub struct Condvar {\n // 加了互斥锁的 Tid 队列\n // 存放等待此条件变量的众多线程\n wait_queue: Mutex>,\n}\n\nimpl Condvar {\n pub fn new() -> Self {\n Condvar::default()\n }\n\n // 当前线程等待某种条件满足才能继续执行\n pub fn wait(&self) {\n // 将当前 Tid 加入此条件变量的等待队列\n self.wait_queue\n .lock()\n .push_back(current_tid());\n // 当前线程放弃 CPU 资源\n yield_now();\n }\n\n // 条件满足\n pub fn notify(&self) {\n // 弹出等待队列中的一个线程\n let tid = self.wait_queue.lock().pop_front();\n if let Some(tid) = tid {\n // 唤醒该线程\n wake_up(tid);\n }\n }\n}\n\n讲清楚了机制,下面我们看一下具体实现。\n缓冲区实现\n// src/fs/mod.rs\n\npub mod stdio;\n\n// src/fs/stdio.rs\n\nuse alloc::{ collections::VecDeque, sync::Arc };\nuse spin::Mutex;\nuse crate::process;\nuse crate::sync::condvar::*;\nuse lazy_static::*;\n\npub struct Stdin {\n // 字符队列\n buf: Mutex>,\n // 条件变量\n pushed: Condvar,\n}\n\nimpl Stdin {\n pub fn new() -> Self {\n Stdin {\n buf: Mutex::new(VecDeque::new()),\n pushed: Condvar::new(),\n }\n }\n\n // 生产者:输入字符\n pub fn push(&self, ch: char) {\n // 将字符加入字符队列\n self.buf\n .lock()\n .push_back(ch);\n // 如果此时有线程正在等待队列非空才能继续下去\n // 将其唤醒\n self.pushed.notify();\n }\n\n // 消费者:取出字符\n // 运行在请求字符输入的线程上\n pub fn pop(&self) -> char {\n loop {\n // 将代码放在 loop 里面防止再复制一遍\n\n // 尝试获取队首字符\n let ret = self.buf.lock().pop_front();\n match ret {\n Some(ch) => {\n // 获取到了直接返回\n return ch;\n },\n None => {\n // 否则队列为空,通过 getc -> sys_read 获取字符的当前线程放弃 CPU 资源\n // 进入阻塞状态等待唤醒\n self.pushed.wait();\n\n // 被唤醒后回到循环开头,此时可直接返回\n }\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nlazy_static! {\n pub static ref STDIN: Arc = Arc::new(Stdin::new());\n}\n\n生产者:键盘中断\n首先我们要能接受到外部中断,而 OpenSBI 默认将外部中断和串口开关都关上了,因此我们需要手动将他们打开:\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\nuse crate::memory::access_pa_via_va;\nuse riscv::register::sie;\n\npub fn init() {\n ...\n\n // enable external interrupt\n sie::set_sext();\n\n // closed by OpenSBI, so we open them manually\n // see https://github.com/rcore-os/rCore/blob/54fddfbe1d402ac1fafd9d58a0bd4f6a8dd99ece/kernel/src/arch/riscv32/board/virt/mod.rs#L4\n init_external_interrupt();\n enable_serial_interrupt();\n}\n\npub unsafe fn init_external_interrupt() {\n let HART0_S_MODE_INTERRUPT_ENABLES: *mut u32 = access_pa_via_va(0x0c00_2080) as *mut u32;\n const SERIAL: u32 = 0xa;\n HART0_S_MODE_INTERRUPT_ENABLES.write_volatile(1 \n这里的内存尚未被映射,我们在内存模块初始化时完成映射:\n// src/memory/mod.rs\n\npub fn kernel_remap() {\n let mut memory_set = MemorySet::new();\n\n extern \"C\" {\n fn bootstack();\n fn bootstacktop();\n }\n memory_set.push(\n bootstack as usize,\n bootstacktop as usize,\n MemoryAttr::new(),\n Linear::new(PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET),\n None,\n );\n memory_set.push(\n access_pa_via_va(0x0c00_2000),\n access_pa_via_va(0x0c00_3000),\n MemoryAttr::new(),\n Linear::new(PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET),\n None\n );\n memory_set.push(\n access_pa_via_va(0x1000_0000),\n access_pa_via_va(0x1000_1000),\n MemoryAttr::new(),\n Linear::new(PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET),\n None\n );\n\n unsafe {\n memory_set.activate();\n }\n}\n\n也因此,内存模块要比中断模块先初始化。\n// src/init.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub extern \"C\" fn rust_main() -> ! {\n extern \"C\" {\n fn end();\n }\n crate::memory::init(\n ((end as usize - KERNEL_BEGIN_VADDR + KERNEL_BEGIN_PADDR) >> 12) + 1,\n PHYSICAL_MEMORY_END >> 12\n );\n crate::interrupt::init();\n crate::fs::init();\n crate::process::init();\n crate::timer::init();\n crate::process::run();\n loop {}\n}\n\n随后,我们对外部中断进行处理:\n// src/interrupt.rs\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub fn rust_trap(tf: &mut TrapFrame) {\n ...\n Trap::Interrupt(Interrupt::SupervisorExternal) => external(),\n ...\n}\n\nfn external() {\n // 键盘属于一种串口设备,而实际上有很多种外设\n // 这里我们只考虑串口\n let _ = try_serial();\n}\n\nfn try_serial() -> bool {\n // 通过 OpenSBI 获取串口输入\n match super::io::getchar_option() {\n Some(ch) => {\n // 将获取到的字符输入标准输入\n if (ch == '\\r') {\n crate::fs::stdio::STDIN.push('\\n');\n }\n else {\n crate::fs::stdio::STDIN.push(ch);\n }\n true\n },\n None => false\n }\n}\n\n// src/io.rs\n\npub fn getchar() -> char {\n let c = sbi::console_getchar() as u8;\n\n match c {\n 255 => '\\0',\n c => c as char\n }\n}\n// 调用 OpenSBI 接口\npub fn getchar_option() -> Option {\n let c = sbi::console_getchar() as isize;\n match c {\n -1 => None,\n c => Some(c as u8 as char)\n }\n}\n\n消费者:sys_read 实现\n这就很简单了。\n// src/syscall.rs\n\npub const SYS_READ: usize = 63;\n\npub fn syscall(id: usize, args: [usize; 3], tf: &mut TrapFrame) -> isize {\n match id {\n SYS_READ => {\n sys_read(args[0], args[1] as *mut u8, args[2])\n }\n ...\n }\n}\n\n// 这里 fd, len 都没有用到\nfn sys_read(fd: usize, base: *mut u8, len: usize) -> isize {\n unsafe {\n *base = crate::fs::stdio::STDIN.pop() as u8;\n }\n return 1;\n}\n\n这里我们要写入用户态内存,但是 CPU 默认并不允许在内核态访问用户态内存,因此我们要在内存初始化的时候将开关打开:\n// src/memory/mod.rs\n\nuse riscv::register::sstatus;\n\npub fn init(l: usize, r: usize) {\n unsafe {\n sstatus::set_sum();\n }\n // 以下不变\n FRAME_ALLOCATOR.lock().init(l, r);\n init_heap();\n\n kernel_remap();\n\n println!(\"++++ setup memory! ++++\");\n}\n\n现在我们可以将要运行的程序从 rust/hello_world 改成 rust/notebook 了!\n将多余的线程换入换出提示信息删掉,运行一下,我们已经实现了字符的输入及显示了!可以享受输入带来的乐趣了!(大雾\n如果记事本不能正常工作,可以在这里找到已有的代码。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter9/part3.html":{"url":"chapter9/part3.html","title":"实现终端","keywords":"","body":"实现终端\n\n代码\n\n我们的终端也很简单:其功能为你输入想要执行的用户程序如 rust/hello_world ,随后按下回车,内核就会帮你执行这个程序。\n所以,我们需要实现一个新的系统调用:\n\n执行程序,系统调用 id=221\\text{id} = 221id=221\n\n终端的实现基于上一节所讲的记事本:\n// usr/rust/src/bin/user_shell.rs\n\n#![no_std]\n#![no_main]\n#![feature(alloc)]\n\nextern crate alloc;\n\n#[macro_use]\nextern crate user;\n\nconst LF: u8 = 0x0au8;\nconst CR: u8 = 0x0du8;\n\nuse rust::io::getc;\nuse rust::syscall::sys_exec;\nuse alloc::string::String;\n\n#[no_mangle]\npub fn main() {\n println!(\"Rust user shell\");\n // 保存本行已经输入的内容\n let mut line: String = String::new();\n print!(\">> \");\n loop {\n let c = getc();\n match c {\n LF | CR => {\n // 如果遇到回车或换行\n println!(\"\");\n if !line.is_empty() {\n println!(\"searching for program {}\", line);\n // 使用系统调用执行程序\n sys_exec(line.as_ptr());\n // 清空本行内容\n line.clear();\n }\n print!(\">> \");\n },\n _ => {\n // 否则正常输入\n print!(\"{}\", c as char);\n line.push(c as char);\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\n以及用户态的系统调用\n// usr/rust/src/syscall.rs\n\nenum SyscallId {\n ...\n Exec = 221,\n}\n\n// 传入路径字符串的地址\npub fn sys_exec(path: *const u8) {\n sys_call(SyscallId::Exec, path as usize, 0, 0, 0);\n}\n\n那我们如何在内核中实现这个系统调用呢?大概流程是:\n\n解析传入的路径字符串\n创建一个对应的用户线程,并加入调度\n\n现在的问题是我们只有一个输出即输出到屏幕,如果用户线程和终端线程同时运行,他们输出的信息会混杂在一起让我们很难区分。因此我们的做法是:借用上一节阻塞的方法,当终端线程准备启动其他用户线程时,它会放弃 CPU 资源进入阻塞状态;直到被启动的用户线程结束后才唤醒启动它的终端线程。这样就可解决这个问题。\n但是也不必使用上一节中的条件变量,我们在线程结构体中加入:\n// src/process/structs.rs\n\npub struct Thread {\n ...\n pub wait: Option,\n}\n\n这表示正在等待这个线程运行结束的线程 Tid 。在线程退出时:\n// src/process/processor.rs\n\nimpl Processor {\n pub fn exit(&self, code: usize) -> ! {\n disable_and_store();\n let inner = self.inner();\n let tid = inner.current.as_ref().unwrap().0;\n\n inner.pool.exit(tid);\n println!(\"thread {} exited, exit code = {}\", tid, code);\n\n // 加入这个判断\n // 如果有一个线程正在等待当前线程运行结束\n // 将其唤醒\n if let Some(wait) = inner.current.as_ref().unwrap().1.wait {\n inner.pool.wakeup(wait);\n }\n\n inner.current\n .as_mut()\n .unwrap()\n .1\n .switch_to(&mut inner.idle);\n\n loop {}\n }\n}\n\n由于 Thread 的字段发生了变化,之前所有创建 Thread 的代码都要做出相应的修改,将 wait 字段的值设置为 None 即可。新建用户线程时,要新加入一个参数 wait_thread 。\n// src/process/structs.rs\n\nimpl Thread {\n pub fn new_kernel(entry: usize) -> Box {\n unsafe {\n let kstack_ = KernelStack::new();\n Box::new(Thread {\n context: Context::new_kernel_thread(entry, kstack_.top(), satp::read().bits()),\n kstack: kstack_,\n wait: None\n })\n }\n }\n pub fn get_boot_thread() -> Box {\n Box::new(Thread {\n context: Context::null(),\n kstack: KernelStack::new_empty(),\n wait: None\n })\n }\n pub unsafe fn new_user(data: &[u8], wait_thread: Option) -> Box {\n ...\n Box::new(\n Thread {\n context: Context::new_user_thread(entry_addr, ustack_top, kstack.top(), vm.token()),\n kstack: kstack,\n proc: Some(\n Arc::new(\n Process {\n vm: Arc::new(vm)\n }\n ),\n ),\n wait: wait_thread\n }\n )\n ...\n }\n}\n\n现在我们在内核中实现该系统调用:\n// src/syscall.rs\n\npub const SYS_EXEC: usize = 221;\n\npub fn syscall(id: usize, args: [usize; 3], tf: &mut TrapFrame) -> isize {\n match id {\n ...\n SYS_EXEC => {\n sys_exec(args[0] as *const u8)\n },\n ...\n }\n}\n\npub unsafe fn from_cstr(s: *const u8) -> &'static str {\n use core::{ slice, str };\n // 使用迭代器获得字符串长度\n let len = (0usize..).find(|&i| *s.add(i) == 0).unwrap();\n str::from_utf8(slice::from_raw_parts(s, len)).unwrap()\n}\n\nfn sys_exec(path: *const u8) -> isize {\n let valid = process::execute(unsafe { from_cstr(path) }, Some(process::current_tid()));\n // 如果正常执行,则阻塞终端线程,等到启动的这个用户线程运行结束\n if valid { process::yield_now(); }\n // 不能正常执行,直接返回;或者被启动线程结束后唤醒终端线程之后返回\n return 0;\n}\n\n// src/process/mod.rs\n\n// 返回值表示是否正常执行\npub fn execute(path: &str, host_tid: Option) -> bool {\n let find_result = ROOT_INODE.lookup(path);\n match find_result {\n Ok(inode) => {\n let data = inode.read_as_vec().unwrap();\n // 这里创建用户线程时,传入 host_tid\n let user_thread = unsafe { Thread::new_user(data.as_slice(), host_tid) };\n CPU.add_thread(user_thread);\n true\n },\n Err(_) => {\n // 如果找不到路径字符串对应的用户程序\n println!(\"command not found!\");\n false\n }\n }\n}\n\n这样我们在线程初始化中直接调用这个封装好的函数就好了。\n// src/process/mod.rs\n\npub fn init() {\n ...\n execute(\"rust/user_shell\", None);\n ...\n}\n\n这里虽然还是将 rust/user_shell 硬编码到内核中,但是好歹它可以交互式运行其他程序了!\n试一试运行 rust/hello_world ,它工作的很好;rust/notebook 也不赖,但是我们没有实现 Ctrl+c 的功能,因此就无法从记事本中退出了。随便输入一个不存在的程序,终端也不会崩溃,而是会提示程序不存在!\n所有的代码可以在这里找到。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter9/part4.html":{"url":"chapter9/part4.html","title":"总结与展望","keywords":"","body":"总结与展望\n感谢你,能陪我们一直走到这里。\n不过这仅仅是一个开始,我们现在只涉及了很少一部分内容。像是进程与进程间通信、多核支持、为真实设备开发驱动等等都是需要我们继续探索的。\n但愿这篇小小的 tutorial ,能给你带来一点小小的帮助!\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter10/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter10/introduction.html","title":"第十章:同步互斥","keywords":"","body":"\ngraph TB\n subgraph dependence\n interrupt\n thread\n end\n subgraph sync\n SpinLock --> interrupt\n Condvar --> SpinLock\n Condvar --> thread\n Mutex --> Condvar\n Monitor --> Condvar\n Semaphore --> Condvar\n Semaphore --> SpinLock\n end\n subgraph test\n Dining_Philosophers --> Mutex\n Dining_Philosophers --> Monitor\n end\n\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter13/introduction.html":{"url":"chapter13/introduction.html","title":"第十三章:线程管理:fork and execute","keywords":"","body":"第十三章:线程管理:fork and execute\n\n本章概要\nsys_fork 用于复制当前线程,sys_exec 用于将一个线程的内容修改为一个新的程序。在 99% 的情况下,fork 之后会立刻调用 exec 。Linux 便是这样创建线程的。\n\n有没有觉得这样创建线程十分别扭,明明在前面的章节我们已经能够通过 new_user_thread 创建新线程了。。。\n\n本章你将会学到:\n\nfork 的功能\n如何描述一个正在运行的线程\n如何完全复制一个正在运行的线程\nexec 的功能\n如何在内核态返回时返回到指定的运行环境\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter13/part1.html":{"url":"chapter13/part1.html","title":"fork 介绍","keywords":"","body":"fork 介绍\nfork 的功能是复制一个运行中的程序,具体来说就是一个程序在某一时刻发起 sys_fork 进入中断,由操作系统将此时的程序复制。从中断返回后,两个程序都会继续执行 fork 的下一条指令。\nfork 产生的新线程,除了返回值不一样,其它都完全一样。通过返回值,我们可以让两个线程进行不同的操作。\nfork 的返回值:\n\n如果是父线程(原线程),则返回子线程(新线程)的 tid\n如果是子线程(新线程),则 0\n\n规范和细节听起来很麻烦,我们直接看例子:\n\n程序\n\npub fn main() -> usize {\n println!(\"{}\", sys_get_tid());\n let tid = sys_fork();\n let tid = sys_fork();\n if tid == 0 {\n println!(\"I am child\");\n } else {\n println!(\"I am father\");\n }\n println!(\"ret tid is: {}\", tid);\n 0\n}\n\n\n输出\n\n1\nI am child\nret tid is: 0\nthread 3 exited, exit code = 0\nI am father\nret tid is: 3\nthread 2 exited, exit code = 0\nI am child\nret tid is: 0\nthread 4 exited, exit code = 0\nI am father\nret tid is: 4\nthread 1 exited, exit code = 0\n\n从结果来看,一共退出了四次程序,所以一共进行了三次 fork :\n\n第三行,thread 1 fork 产生 thread 2\nthread 1 执行第四行,产生 thread 3\nthread 2 执行第四行,产生 thread 4\n\n除了 thread 1 多输出一个 1 ,其它线程都只输出两行,以及一行程序退出时由操作系统输出的信息。可以看出 thread 1 和 thread 2 都声称自己是 father ,这是由于它们在第四行 fork 之后,分别成为了 thread 3 和 thread 4 的 father 。需要注意的是,thread 1 还是 thread 2 的 father 哦。至于线程的执行顺序,那就看调度器算法咯。。。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter13/part2.html":{"url":"chapter13/part2.html","title":"fork 实现思路","keywords":"","body":"fork 实现思路\n在前面的章节,我们就已经实现了 Thread 结构体,为了满足新的需求,我们需要加上一行:\n+ use alloc::sync::Arc;\n+ use spin::Mutex;\n\npub struct Thread {\n pub context: Context, // 程序切换产生的上下文所在栈的地址(指针)\n pub kstack: KernelStack, // 保存程序切换产生的上下文的栈\n pub wait: Option, // 等待队列\n+ pub vm: Option>>, // 页表\n}\n\n为什么需要保存一个页表呢?这是因为 fork 复制了当前线程,这包括了它的运行栈。这里的运行栈就包括在了页表里。由于我们使用了虚拟地址,所以只要保证访问的虚拟地址能映射到正确的物理地址即可。所以,为了能够知道原线程都用了哪些虚拟地址,我们需要保存每一个线程的页表,供其它线程复制。\n由于只有用户程序会进行 fork ,所以我们只为用户程序保存 vm ,内核线程的 vm 直接赋为 None 。\n\nstruct.rs\n\nimpl Thread {\n pub fn new_kernel(entry: usize) -> Box {\n unsafe {\n let kstack_ = KernelStack::new();\n Box::new(Thread {\n context: Context::new_kernel_thread(entry, kstack_.top(), satp::read().bits()),\n kstack: kstack_,\n wait: None,\n vm: None,\n })\n }\n }\n\n pub fn get_boot_thread() -> Box {\n Box::new(Thread {\n context: Context::null(),\n kstack: KernelStack::new_empty(),\n wait: None,\n vm: None,\n })\n }\n\n pub unsafe fn new_user(data: &[u8], wait_thread: Option) -> Box {\n ...\n Box::new(Thread {\n context: Context::new_user_thread(entry_addr, ustack_top, kstack.top(), vm.token()),\n kstack: kstack,\n wait: wait_thread,\n vm: Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(vm))),\n })\n }\n}\n\n复制线程的工作看起来十分简单,把所有东西都 clone 一遍就好了:\n\nstruct.rs\n\nuse crate::context::{Context, TrapFrame};\n\nimpl Thread {\n /// Fork a new process from current one\n pub fn fork(&self, tf: &TrapFrame) -> Box {\n let kstack = KernelStack::new(); // 分配新的栈\n let vm = self.vm.as_ref().unwrap().lock().clone(); // 为变量分配内存,将虚拟地址映射到新的内存上(尚未实现)\n let vm_token = vm.token();\n let context = unsafe { Context::new_fork(tf, kstack.top(), vm_token) }; // 复制上下文到 kernel stack 上(尚未实现)\n Box::new(Thread {\n context,\n kstack,\n wait: self.wait.clone(),\n vm: Some(Arc::new(Mutex::new(vm))),\n })\n }\n}\n\n线程的 tid 是在 thread_pool.add 里进行分配的,由于 fork 需要为父线程返回子线程的 tid ,所以这里需要为 thread_pool.add 增加返回值:\n\nprocess/mod.rs\n\npub fn add_thread(thread: Box) -> usize {\n CPU.add_thread(thread)\n}\n\n\nprocess/processor.rs\n\npub fn add_thread(&self, thread: Box) -> Tid {\n self.inner().pool.add(thread)\n}\n\n\nprocess/thread_pool.rs\n\npub fn add(&mut self, _thread: Box) -> Tid {\n let tid = self.alloc_tid();\n self.threads[tid] = Some(ThreadInfo {\n status: Status::Ready,\n thread: Some(_thread),\n });\n self.scheduler.push(tid);\n return tid;\n}\n\n最后,实现 syscall 的代码就只有下面十几行:\n\nprocess/mod.rs\n\npub fn current_thread() -> &'static Box {\n CPU.current_thread()\n}\n\n\nprocess/processor\n\nimpl Processor {\n pub fn current_thread(&self) -> &Box {\n &self.inner().current.as_mut().unwrap().1\n }\n}\n\n\nsyscall.rs\n\npub const SYS_FORK: usize = 57;\n\npub fn syscall(id: usize, args: [usize; 3], tf: &mut TrapFrame) -> isize {\n match id {\n SYS_FORK => sys_fork(tf),\n ...\n }\n}\n\nfn sys_fork(tf: &mut TrapFrame) -> isize {\n let new_thread = process::current_thread().fork(tf);\n let tid = process::add_thread(new_thread);\n tid as isize\n}\n\n\n吐槽一下,我最开始写 current_thread 的时候,返回的时候需要 clone 一下,感觉这样安全一些,省的外部不小心把 thread 修改了。\n结果这导致了一个很严重而且很隐蔽的问题:thread 的 kernel stack 被释放了。。。\n花了半天才找到问题,这是由于 Thread 有一个成员 kernel stack ,kernel stack 实现了 Drop trait ,析构的时候会把占用的内存一起释放掉。\n而由于 kernel stack 存的是指针(首地址) ,clone 后的指针和原指针指向的是同一个地方!\n所以在析构的时候,会把原来的 stack 也释放了。。。\nawsl\n\nanyway ,fork 的实现思路大概就是这样。注意到前面有几个标注了“尚未实现”的函数,接下来我们来实现它们。\n\n出于偷懒我并没有维护这两个线程的父子关系,感兴趣的同学可以自 bang 行 wo 实现(逃\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter13/part3.html":{"url":"chapter13/part3.html","title":"复制线程上下文","keywords":"","body":"复制线程上下文\n这个比较简单,先写这个吧。\n\ncontext.rs\n\nimpl Context {\n pub unsafe fn new_fork(tf: &TrapFrame, kstack_top: usize, satp: usize) -> Context {\n ContextContent::new_fork(tf, kstack_top, satp)\n }\n}\n\nimpl ContextContent {\n unsafe fn new_fork(tf: &TrapFrame, kstack_top: usize, satp: usize) -> Context {\n ContextContent {\n ra: __trapret as usize,\n satp,\n s: [0; 12],\n tf: {\n let mut tf = tf.clone();\n // fork function's ret value, the new process is 0\n tf.x[10] = 0; // a0\n tf\n },\n }\n .push_at(kstack_top)\n }\n}\n\n由于将 ra 赋值为 __trapret ,所以在 switch 最后执行 ret 的时候,内核会跳转到 __trapret ,因为 tf 保存了所有的上下文(包含了 s[0..12]),所以无需在 new_fork 中为 s 寄存器赋值。\n将复制好的上下文放入新创建的 kstack 就可以啦。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter13/part4.html":{"url":"chapter13/part4.html","title":"复制页表","keywords":"","body":"复制页表\n前面我们使用了 MemorySet.clone ,但是我们并没有实现。实际上页表的复制并不像一般的元素那样简单。要做的事情有:\n\n创建一个新的页目录\n原线程每有一个页,就为新新线程分配一个页\n页的内容进行复制并映射\n\nmemory/memory_set/mod.rs\n\n\nuse crate::memory::paging::{PageRange, PageTableImpl};\n\nimpl MemorySet {\n pub fn clone(&mut self) -> Self {\n // 创建一个新的页目录\n let mut new_page_table = PageTableImpl::new_bare();\n let Self {\n ref mut page_table,\n ref areas,\n ..\n } = self;\n // 遍历自己的所有页面\n for area in areas.iter() {\n for page in PageRange::new(area.start, area.end) {\n // 创建一个新的页\n // 将原页的内容复制到新页,同时进行映射\n area.handler\n .clone_map(&mut new_page_table, page_table, page, &area.attr);\n }\n }\n MemorySet {\n areas: areas.clone(),\n page_table: new_page_table,\n }\n }\n}\n\n修改一下 MemoryArea 成员的访问权限:\n\nmemory/memory_set/area.rs\n\npub struct MemoryArea {\n pub start: usize,\n pub end: usize,\n pub handler: Box,\n pub attr: MemoryAttr,\n}\n\n对于内核,我们采用线性映射。而对于用户程序,我们采用普通映射,即物理地址和虚拟地址没有什么关系,虚拟地址对应的物理内存无法通过简单计算得出,必须通过页表转换,所以所有程序的 handler 都是 ByFrame 类型而不是 Linear 类型。\n在 self.map 中,会分配一个物理帧,并将其映射到指定的虚拟页上。然后将原页面的内容读出,复制到新页面上。这样,新旧线程访问同一个虚拟地址的时候,真实访问到的就是不同物理地址下相同数值的对象:\n\nmemory/memory_set/handler.rs\n\nimpl MemoryHandler for ByFrame {\n fn clone_map(\n &self,\n pt: &mut PageTableImpl,\n src_pt: &mut PageTableImpl,\n vaddr: usize,\n attr: &MemoryAttr,\n ) {\n self.map(pt, vaddr, attr);\n let data = src_pt.get_page_slice_mut(vaddr);\n pt.get_page_slice_mut(vaddr).copy_from_slice(data);\n }\n}\n\n但是有一个问题,我们如果读取到原页表里的元素呢?我们现在在内核里,内核使用的是线性映射。所以我们需要:\n\n通过复杂的过程通过原页表得到虚拟地址对应的物理地址\n将这个物理地址转换为内核可访问的虚拟地址\n\n上面的两步就是 get_page_slice_mut 做的事情,然后它把得到的虚拟地址转换成 u8 数组(方便操作):\n\nmemory/paging.rs\n\nimpl PageTableImpl {\n pub fn get_page_slice_mut(&mut self, vaddr: usize) -> &'a mut [u8] {\n let frame = self\n .page_table\n .translate_page(Page::of_addr(VirtAddr::new(vaddr)))\n .unwrap();\n let vaddr = frame.start_address().as_usize() + PHYSICAL_MEMORY_OFFSET;\n unsafe { core::slice::from_raw_parts_mut(vaddr as *mut u8, 0x1000) }\n }\n}\n\n\ntranslate_page 不是我实现的,我也懒得看具体细节了,反正用着挺好使,不管了(x)\n\n最后要在 MemoryHandler 中声明 clone_map 成员函数,同时为 Linear 实现 clone_map :\n\nmemory/memory_set/handler.rs\n\npub trait MemoryHandler: Debug + 'static {\n ...\n fn clone_map(\n &self,\n pt: &mut PageTableImpl,\n src_pt: &mut PageTableImpl,\n vaddr: usize,\n attr: &MemoryAttr,\n );\n}\n\nimpl MemoryHandler for Linear {\n fn clone_map(\n &self,\n pt: &mut PageTableImpl,\n _src_pt: &mut PageTableImpl,\n vaddr: usize,\n attr: &MemoryAttr,\n ) {\n self.map(pt, vaddr, attr);\n }\n}\n\n由于 Linear 的虚拟地址和物理地址是一对一的,所以简单的进行线性映射就好啦。。。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter13/part6.html":{"url":"chapter13/part6.html","title":"exec 实现思路","keywords":"","body":"exec 的实现\n在 sys_exec 的语义中,我们需要完成的过程包括:\n\n1.回收当前进程(Thread)的所有资源\n2.为新进程申请足够的资源、读取解析镜像\n3.跳转到新进程开始执行\n\n原进程的资源在进程控制块中:\npub struct Thread {\n pub context: Context,\n pub kstack: KernelStack,\n pub wait: Option,\n pub vm: Option>>,\n}\n\n我们不析构这一结构体,而是替换其中内容。其中 context 用来是的其他进程跳转到该进程,新进程会在被替换出去的时候设置,我们不需要改变(留好位置就行),在我们的实现中 wait 的含义是结束后需要唤醒的进程,我们可以直接继承(或者说为了简便实现,我们没有提供改变的接口),kstack 仅仅在执行内核代码时使用,进入用户态后一定是空的,仅仅起提供空间的作用,可以直接继承。所以我们只需要改变 vm。\n因此干如下几件事情:\n\n1.为新进程申请足够的资源、读取解析镜像,构造新 vm\n2.替换 vm,并激活新页表供用户态使用\n3.跳转到新进程开始执行\n\n来看代码实现:\n// 输入参数包含了执行程序的位置以及中断帧,其中中断帧用来改变syscall返回时返回的地址\nfn sys_exec(path: *const u8, tf: &mut TrapFrame) -> isize {\n let exec_path = unsafe { from_cstr(path) };\n let find_result = ROOT_INODE.lookup(exec_path);\n match find_result {\n Ok(inode) => {\n let data = inode.read_as_vec().unwrap();\n // 该函数完成elf的解析和vm的构造(仅仅重新封装了 Thread::new_user 的部分实现), entry_addr 是新程序的入口地址,ustack_top是用户栈栈顶\n let (mut vm, entry_addr, ustack_top) = unsafe { Thread::new_user_vm(data.as_slice()) };\n // 读取当前进程的进程控制块\n let proc = process::current_thread();\n // 设置新vm\n core::mem::swap(&mut *proc.vm.as_ref().unwrap().lock(), &mut vm);\n // 切换satp(页表)\n unsafe {\n proc.vm.as_ref().unwrap().lock().activate();\n }\n // 仅仅是为了尽早释放锁\n drop(proc);\n // 构造新的tf来改变syscall返回后返回的程序\n *tf = TrapFrame::new_user_thread(entry_addr, ustack_top);\n 0\n }\n Err(_) => {\n println!(\"exec error! cannot find the program {}\", exec_path);\n -1\n }\n }\n}\n\n结合一些接口上的简单修改(syscall->sys_exit的内容,不赘述),我们就完成了sys_exec的实现,是不是特别简单呢?我们还没有解决的问题是如何使得 syscall 返回的时候返回到新的进程开始执行(TrapFrame::new_user_thread)。这将在下一部分细说。\n我们替换了原本的sys_exec(实际是一个spawn),是的它不再可被用户太访问了,除非提供一个新的系统调用。\n完成了 sys_fork 和 sys_exec 我们可以对应改写 user_shell 的内容:\n#[no_mangle]\npub fn main() {\n println!(\"Rust user shell\");\n let mut line: String = String::new();\n print!(\">> \");\n loop {\n let c = getc();\n match c {\n LF | CR => {\n println!(\"\");\n if !line.is_empty() {\n println!(\"searching for program {}\", line);\n // 使用fork和exec完成原本的spawn的功能\n if sys_fork() == 0 {\n line.push('\\0');\n sys_exec(line.as_ptr());\n sys_exit(0);\n }\n line.clear();\n }\n print!(\">> \");\n }\n _ => {\n print!(\"{}\", c as char);\n line.push(c as char);\n }\n }\n }\n}\n\nuser_shell同时也完成了exec的简单测试。\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"},"chapter13/part7.html":{"url":"chapter13/part7.html","title":"跳转到指定用户太环境","keywords":"","body":"如何从内核态定向返回\n想想在课堂上学到的内容,如果在用户态度我们想要改变返回地址,我们可以修改 x1(ra) 寄存器,从内核态返回用户态是一个十分类似的过程,只不过用来描述返回目的地的内容变成了中断帧(trapframe)。\npub struct TrapFrame {\n pub x: [usize; 32], // General registers\n pub sstatus: Sstatus, // Supervisor Status Register\n pub sepc: usize, // Supervisor exception program counter\n pub stval: usize, // Supervisor trap value\n pub scause: Scause, // Scause register: record the cause of exception/interrupt/trap\n}\n\n只需要通过修改中断帧我们就可以完全控制从内核态返回后的执行环境。想想新的中断帧应该如何构造呢?新进程没有通用寄存器的信息,我们可以直接初始化为0, stval、scause 寄存器同理。特殊的通用寄存器 x2(sp) 需要我们特殊设置(程序初始化的必要条件,其他的程序会自己搞定),sstatus寄存器对程序状态的控制很重要,需要小心设置。\n\ncontext.rs\n\nimpl TrapFrame {\n pub fn new_user_thread(entry_addr: usize, sp: usize) -> Self {\n use core::mem::zeroed;\n let mut tf: Self = unsafe { zeroed() };\n tf.x[2] = sp;\n tf.sepc = entry_addr;\n tf.sstatus = sstatus::read();\n tf.sstatus.set_spie(true); // 使得进入用户态后开启中断\n tf.sstatus.set_sie(false);\n tf.sstatus.set_spp(sstatus::SPP::User); // 令sret返回U态\n tf\n }\n}\n\n\n\n\n\n var gitalk = new Gitalk({\n clientID: \"ab871063a9fa7f1da571\",\n clientSecret: \"4760b384e3e452d2241d859cfa6a7da21a8729ec\",\n repo: \"rCore_tutorial_doc\",\n owner: \"rcore-os\",\n admin: [\n \"chyyuu\",\n \"xyongcn\",\n \"wangrunji0408\",\n \"xy-plus\",\n \"PanQL\",\n \"wyfcyx\",\n \"equation314\"\n ],\n id: location.pathname,\n distractionFreeMode: false\n });\n gitalk.render(\"gitalk-container\");\n\n\n"}}} \ No newline at end of file