diff --git a/src/compiler/checker.ts b/src/compiler/checker.ts
index 146bbc540b006..2ca07e30f287b 100644
--- a/src/compiler/checker.ts
+++ b/src/compiler/checker.ts
@@ -51097,6 +51097,7 @@ export function createTypeChecker(host: TypeCheckerHost): TypeChecker {
                                 // fallthrough
                             case ModuleKind.ES2022:
                             case ModuleKind.ESNext:
+                            case ModuleKind.Preserve:
                             case ModuleKind.System:
                                 if (languageVersion >= ScriptTarget.ES2017) {
                                     break;
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1(target=es2016).errors.txt b/tests/baselines/reference/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1(target=es2016).errors.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..2e1dbfa53b9c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1(target=es2016).errors.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1.ts(1,5): error TS1432: Top-level 'for await' loops are only allowed when the 'module' option is set to 'es2022', 'esnext', 'system', 'node16', 'nodenext', or 'preserve', and the 'target' option is set to 'es2017' or higher.
+modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1.ts(2,1): error TS1378: Top-level 'await' expressions are only allowed when the 'module' option is set to 'es2022', 'esnext', 'system', 'node16', 'nodenext', or 'preserve', and the 'target' option is set to 'es2017' or higher.
+
+
+==== modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1.ts (2 errors) ====
+    for await (const x of []) {}
+        ~~~~~
+!!! error TS1432: Top-level 'for await' loops are only allowed when the 'module' option is set to 'es2022', 'esnext', 'system', 'node16', 'nodenext', or 'preserve', and the 'target' option is set to 'es2017' or higher.
+    await Promise.resolve();
+    ~~~~~
+!!! error TS1378: Top-level 'await' expressions are only allowed when the 'module' option is set to 'es2022', 'esnext', 'system', 'node16', 'nodenext', or 'preserve', and the 'target' option is set to 'es2017' or higher.
+    
+    export {};
+    
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1(target=es2016).symbols b/tests/baselines/reference/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1(target=es2016).symbols
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..e34950bb8432c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1(target=es2016).symbols
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//// [tests/cases/compiler/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1.ts] ////
+
+=== modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1.ts ===
+for await (const x of []) {}
+>x : Symbol(x, Decl(modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1.ts, 0, 16))
+
+await Promise.resolve();
+>Promise.resolve : Symbol(PromiseConstructor.resolve, Decl(lib.es2015.promise.d.ts, --, --), Decl(lib.es2015.promise.d.ts, --, --), Decl(lib.es2015.promise.d.ts, --, --))
+>Promise : Symbol(Promise, Decl(lib.es5.d.ts, --, --), Decl(lib.es2015.iterable.d.ts, --, --), Decl(lib.es2015.promise.d.ts, --, --), Decl(lib.es2015.symbol.wellknown.d.ts, --, --))
+>resolve : Symbol(PromiseConstructor.resolve, Decl(lib.es2015.promise.d.ts, --, --), Decl(lib.es2015.promise.d.ts, --, --), Decl(lib.es2015.promise.d.ts, --, --))
+
+export {};
+
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1(target=es2016).types b/tests/baselines/reference/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1(target=es2016).types
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..ad0f7ca92f387
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1(target=es2016).types
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+//// [tests/cases/compiler/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1.ts] ////
+
+=== modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1.ts ===
+for await (const x of []) {}
+>x : any
+>  : ^^^
+>[] : undefined[]
+>   : ^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+await Promise.resolve();
+>await Promise.resolve() : void
+>                        : ^^^^
+>Promise.resolve() : Promise<void>
+>                  : ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+>Promise.resolve : { (): Promise<void>; <T>(value: T): Promise<Awaited<T>>; <T>(value: T | PromiseLike<T>): Promise<Awaited<T>>; }
+>                : ^^^^^^             ^^^ ^^     ^^ ^^^                   ^^^ ^^     ^^                  ^^^                   ^^^
+>Promise : PromiseConstructor
+>        : ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+>resolve : { (): Promise<void>; <T>(value: T): Promise<Awaited<T>>; <T>(value: T | PromiseLike<T>): Promise<Awaited<T>>; }
+>        : ^^^^^^             ^^^ ^^     ^^ ^^^                   ^^^ ^^     ^^                  ^^^                   ^^^
+
+export {};
+
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1(target=esnext).symbols b/tests/baselines/reference/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1(target=esnext).symbols
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..f85c12370b472
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1(target=esnext).symbols
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+//// [tests/cases/compiler/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1.ts] ////
+
+=== modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1.ts ===
+for await (const x of []) {}
+>x : Symbol(x, Decl(modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1.ts, 0, 16))
+
+await Promise.resolve();
+>Promise.resolve : Symbol(PromiseConstructor.resolve, Decl(lib.es2015.promise.d.ts, --, --), Decl(lib.es2015.promise.d.ts, --, --), Decl(lib.es2015.promise.d.ts, --, --))
+>Promise : Symbol(Promise, Decl(lib.es5.d.ts, --, --), Decl(lib.es2015.iterable.d.ts, --, --), Decl(lib.es2015.promise.d.ts, --, --), Decl(lib.es2015.symbol.wellknown.d.ts, --, --), Decl(lib.es2018.promise.d.ts, --, --))
+>resolve : Symbol(PromiseConstructor.resolve, Decl(lib.es2015.promise.d.ts, --, --), Decl(lib.es2015.promise.d.ts, --, --), Decl(lib.es2015.promise.d.ts, --, --))
+
+export {};
+
diff --git a/tests/baselines/reference/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1(target=esnext).types b/tests/baselines/reference/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1(target=esnext).types
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..16729eb060358
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/baselines/reference/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1(target=esnext).types
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+//// [tests/cases/compiler/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1.ts] ////
+
+=== modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1.ts ===
+for await (const x of []) {}
+>x : any
+>[] : undefined[]
+>   : ^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+await Promise.resolve();
+>await Promise.resolve() : void
+>                        : ^^^^
+>Promise.resolve() : Promise<void>
+>                  : ^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+>Promise.resolve : { (): Promise<void>; <T>(value: T): Promise<Awaited<T>>; <T>(value: T | PromiseLike<T>): Promise<Awaited<T>>; }
+>                : ^^^^^^             ^^^ ^^     ^^ ^^^                   ^^^ ^^     ^^                  ^^^                   ^^^
+>Promise : PromiseConstructor
+>        : ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+>resolve : { (): Promise<void>; <T>(value: T): Promise<Awaited<T>>; <T>(value: T | PromiseLike<T>): Promise<Awaited<T>>; }
+>        : ^^^^^^             ^^^ ^^     ^^ ^^^                   ^^^ ^^     ^^                  ^^^                   ^^^
+
+export {};
+
diff --git a/tests/cases/compiler/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1.ts b/tests/cases/compiler/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000..16da28db4a006
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/cases/compiler/modulePreserveTopLevelAwait1.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+// @module: preserve
+// @target: es2016, esnext
+// @noEmit: true
+
+for await (const x of []) {}
+await Promise.resolve();
+
+export {};